石子云 发表于 2014-7-20 23:49:58

跟贾陆英学《论语》里仁篇第5章(7月17日)

本帖最后由 石子云 于 2014-7-21 14:06 编辑 <br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 44pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="line-height: 28pt; text-indent: 44pt; font-size: 22pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; "><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 44pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="line-height: 28pt; text-indent: 44pt; font-size: 22pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">跟贾陆英学《论语》里仁篇第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 28pt; text-indent: 44pt; font-size: 22pt; ">5</span><span style="line-height: 28pt; text-indent: 44pt; font-size: 22pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">章</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 44pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt; ">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 7.5pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><st1:chsdate year="2014" month="7" day="17" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">7</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">17</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">下午</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">30</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">分,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">论语</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">札记》作者贾陆英老师在老秘网</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">重温经典读书会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”QQ</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">群</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">&nbsp;49231471</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">里面,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">就《论语》里仁篇第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">5</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">章进行了讲解,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">具体内容整理如下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt; ">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">一、原文释义</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; ">&nbsp;</span><b style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; &nbsp;</font></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-family: 楷体; font-size: 16pt; ">&nbsp; &nbsp;原文:</span></b><span style="font-family: 仿宋; font-size: 16pt; ">子曰:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋; font-size: 16pt; ">富与贵是人之所欲也,不以其道得之,不处也;贫与贱是人之所恶也,不以其道得之,不去也。君子去仁,恶乎成名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16pt; ">?</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋; font-size: 16pt; ">君子无终食之间违仁,造造次必于是,颠沛必于是。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">注释:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">恶(音</span><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">wū</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">乌)乎:何处,怎样</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">违:离开、丢掉。造次:仓卒,匆忙</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">颠沛:跌倒,比喻生活困难、窘迫。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; ">&nbsp;</span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">译文:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">孔子说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">富与贵是人人所盼望得到的,不依道的要求得到它,是不应该接受的;贫与贱是人人所厌恶的,不依道的要求摆脱它,是不应该摆脱的。君子如果抛弃了仁德,于何处成就君子的名声呢?君子是不会在吃顿饭这样短暂的时间内背离仁德的,在仓猝匆忙的时候必然是这样,在颠沛流离的时候也必然是这样。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">简析:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">本章孔子提出,求富贵,去贫贱,都要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">以其道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,这才是行仁的方法。因此,君子随时随处都应坚守仁道。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; ">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">二、以仁取道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; ">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">问:一个人,怎样才能在面对富贵或贫贱的境域中,依然坚守仁道?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">答:每个人都喜欢富贵,厌恶贫贱。孔子在本章中提出一个处富贵,去贫贱的基本原则,就是要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">以其道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,这里的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,指的就是仁道。要做到在任何情况下都不违背仁道的要求,就必须加强自身修养,在培养自己的仁德方面下功夫。仁德乃是人内心中的境界,它决定、支配并随时指导着人的言行。正因为如此,孔子才问道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">君子去仁,恶乎成名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">?他才要求君子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">无终食之间违仁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,也就是要随时随处坚守仁道。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">本章的内容分为三节。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">第一节,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">富与贵是人之所欲也,不以其道得之,不处也。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">” “</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,此处指仁道,也指合于仁道的方法、途径。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">处</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">居所,引申为接受、享用之意。这一节记孔子教人处富贵的原则。虽然每个人都喜欢富贵,但是,如果富贵的获得不符合仁道,就不能接受。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">第二节,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">贫与贱是人之所恶也,不以其道得之,不去也。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">这一节中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">不以其道得之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,历来有学者怀疑有误。理由是,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">贫与贱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">并非人所希望</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">得之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">的,也不可能有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">以其道得之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">的贫贱。如汉代的王充在《论衡问孔》中认为:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">当言贫与贱是人之所恶也,不以其道去之,不去也。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">当言去,不当言得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,此说不无道理。因古往今来并无确凿证据断定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">字为误,所以《论语》的各种版本仍沿用了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">字。杨伯峻先生在《论语译注》中说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">这里为什么也讲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">‘</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">得之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,可能是古人的不经意处,我们不必再在这上面做文章了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">我把这句话译为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">贫与贱是人人所厌恶的,不依道的要求摆脱它,是不应该摆脱的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,正是本着这一精神。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">这一节记孔子教人去贫贱的原则。君子只能用符合仁道的方法摆脱贫贱,否则,不用正当的方法避免贫贱,则虽遭遇贫贱,也安于贫贱而不逃避。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">以上两节,孔子从正反两面反复申说,使语气增强,意义更加明显。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">第三节,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">君子去仁,恶乎成名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">?</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">君子无终食之间违仁,造次必于是,颠沛必于是。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">孔子先以处富贵、去贫贱为例,说明凡事都要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">以其道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">;接着把自己所主张的道说出来。孔子的道就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">仁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,所以他说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">君子去仁,恶乎成名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">?”&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">而且,君子即使在吃顿饭这样短暂的时间内,也不应当背离仁道,无论是在仓猝匆忙的时候,还是在颠沛流离的时候,都要坚守仁道。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">这一节,孔子说明君子以仁存心,唯义是适,即使处在人生最艰难的逆境中,也不改其志,如此,才能承担君子之名。孔子的口气虽然令人感到有点夸张,但仔细想来,未必不应该如此。一个人的失节,往往都是一念之差。学习本章,我们应当认真思考,切实奉行孔子的教诲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">切不可在一念之间,铸成一生中永远洗不掉的耻辱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">君子去仁,恶乎成名?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">孔子提出君子应珍惜自己的名声,名声非常重要。人的一生,能获得一个好名声实属不易,而前提是懂得珍惜自己的名声,还要明白好名声的获得不是靠自吹自擂,不是靠文过饰非,而是靠自觉的修养,靠诚实的努力,靠一步一个脚印地实干。好名声的反面是坏名声,珍惜好名声,还要懂得坏名声的耻辱。孔子说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">行己有耻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">使于四方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">不辱君命</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">可谓士矣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">他认为,第一等的士人必须具备一个重要的道德观念,就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">知耻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,也就是知道羞愧和耻辱,它是一个人自尊心的重要体现,是人所具有的最基本的道德感。孟子说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">羞恶之心,义之端也。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">(《孟子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">·</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">公孙丑上》)这种道德感体现着人性的尊严,是社会正义的心理基础,孟子把它视为人与禽兽相区别的标志之一。康有为也说过:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">人之有所不为,皆赖有耻心。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">(康有为:《孟子微》</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; ">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">卷六)这也就是说,凡为善之心,皆起自人的正确的荣辱观念;凡为恶之念,皆起自人羞耻感的丧失,知耻对于人来说极其重要,一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">无耻之徒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,是什么伤天害理的缺德事都干得出来的。《管子》说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">礼义廉耻,国之四维。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">把社会耻感列为立国的四大纲之一。耻感虽然是个人的羞耻之心,但是它关联的却不仅仅是个人的行为和品质,同时还关乎社会的治乱、国家的兴衰。人人知耻,则正义流行;人人无耻,则邪恶必然大行其道。明清之际的思想家顾炎武说得好:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">不廉则无所不取,不耻则无所不为。人而如此,则祸败乱亡,亦无所不至。况为大臣,而无所不取,无所不为,则天下其有不乱,国家其有不亡者乎!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">(《日知录</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">·</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">廉耻》)一个社会,如果无耻之行不受谴责、无耻之人不受唾弃反而扶摇直上,无耻之风就会像瘟疫一样蔓延开来。这样的社会,必然是一个人性堕落的社会,是一个没有仁义、没有公正、禽兽横行的社会,国家岂有不亡之理!唯有举国之人皆知有耻,我们的国家和民族才会避免蒙受耻辱;唯有从严治吏,坚决惩治fubai分子,党风、政风才会好转,社会正气才会发扬光大。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">本章通过君子面对富贵或贫贱应坚守的道德底线,揭示出一个什么样的人生哲理?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">答:孔子提出:君子面对富贵,要以道取之;面对贫贱,要以道弃之。富贵与贫贱,都涉及人的切身利益,而君子在富贵与贫贱面前必须坚守的道,则是指道义、大义。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">《里仁》篇第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">章,孔子提出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">里仁为美</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,要求君子以仁道自处,随时随地把仁放在心中。《里仁》篇第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">章,孔子提出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">仁者安仁,知者利仁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,并告诫说,不仁的人不能长久地处于贫困中,也不能长久地处于安乐中。那么,一个人怎样才能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">久处约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">长处乐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">呢?本章给出了正面的、明确的回答:获得富与贵,摆脱贫与贱,都必须符合仁道,君子要随时随处坚守仁德,不可有片刻违仁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">《里仁》篇许多章节中,都涉及到一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">恶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">字,语境不同,意义不同,需要仔细辨析。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">例一:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">君子去仁,恶乎成名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">恶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">字,音</span><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">wū</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">(为一声)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">何处。恶乎为宾语前置的介宾结构,一般用于动词之前,作状语,并决定着全句的疑问语气。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">恶乎成名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">?就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">于何处成就其名声</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">的意思。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">例二:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">唯仁者,能好人,能恶人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">恶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">字,音</span><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">wù</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">(为四声),厌恶,憎恨。(详见里仁篇第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">章)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">例三:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">苟志于仁矣,无恶也</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">恶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">字,音</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">è</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,坏事,罪行。(详见里仁篇第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">4</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">章)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">例四:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">士志于道,而耻恶衣恶食者,未足与议也</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">恶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">字,音</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">è,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">粗劣。(详见里仁篇第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">9</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">章,很快就会讲到)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">三、以义取利</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">在上节课中,有网友提出:我们的理想信念怎样和自然规律、市场经济规律相互支持呢?共产主义的理想信念是无私奉献,但是经济规律是供给关系,讲究每个个体都是利己。我当时回答说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">经济规律是供给关系,讲究每个个体都是利己</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,这样的认识是不对的。市场经济是法制经济,是有规则,有秩序的,不是讲究每个个体都是利己,是提倡在规则范围内的双赢。包含着利己与利人,竞争与合作的精神。这个问题涉及到义利关系,也涉及到对市场经济的认识,需要讨论清楚。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">义利关系涉及人的核心价值观,是儒学和中国传统文化中一个重要的命题。义,是指按照反映社会整体利益和要求的规范行事,是个人对社会应尽的责任,是维护公道、公正、公平、公共利益;利,是指个人的某种好处、益处,是私心、私欲、私事、私人利益。孔子肯定人都希望富贵,厌恶贫贱,同时又要求按照义的标准来决定对富贵、贫贱的取舍,不以不合道义的手段求取富贵,也不以不合道义的手段摆脱贫贱。孔子并没有把义与利对立起来,他并不反对人们谋取正当的利益和富贵,他所反对的是那种见利忘义的行为。对于利益和富贵,他主张</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">见利思义</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">(《论语</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">·</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">问宪》)、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">见得思义</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">(《论语</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">·</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">季氏》),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">义然后取</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">(《论语</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">·</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">宪问》),取之有道。对于不合道义而来的富贵,孔子把它比作天上的浮云,不屑一顾。总之,义利相济、以义制利,是孔子对义利关系的基本主张。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">如果认为搞社会主义市场经济就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">提倡自私自利</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,那更是一种误解。的确,搞市场经济必然要引入竞争机制。由于市场本身的缺陷,由于社会主义市场经济体制还有不健全、不完善的地方,因而会产生见利忘义、以不正当手段谋取所谓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">利益最大化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">的行为,这只是市场经济的负面效应。我们搞的社会主义市场经济,是现代市场经济,它既是契约经济,又是法制经济,与主张无序竞争的自由市场经济有着本质的不同。现代市场经济的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">游戏规则</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">,是保护当事各方正当利益的实现。在这个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">游戏规则</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">中,既包含有适度竞争的要求,也包含有互利合作的要求;既包含有通过正当手段获取自身利益的要求,也包含有允许对手获取正当利益的要求。现代市场经济所奉行的,是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">游戏规则</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">范围内,在适度的竞争中实现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">双嬴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">的理念。这种新的理念与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">提倡自私自利</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">是毫无共同之处的。那种认为市场经济只讲赚钱、不问手段,讲不讲诚信无关紧要的观点,也是十分错误和有害的。一些人见利忘义,损害公众利益,丧失了道德底线。我们应该倡导:企业要承担社会责任,企业家身上要流淌着道德的血液。我国发展社会主义市场经济的实践充分证明,只有创造一种使不同所有制、不同类型的企业既竞争又合作的机制和氛围,才会促进经济的繁荣和企业自身的良性发展。一个有眼光、有作为的企业家,也一定会是一个有气魄、有胸怀的人才,在他们身上所体现的核心价值观,必然是互利、共赢、团结、协作精神,而这种精神是绝不可能建立在狭隘的自私自利基础之上的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">坚持正确的义利观,也是我国外交政策的核心理念之一。习近平总书记访问韩国时的演讲,在谈到国际合作时提到了义利观问题,他说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">国不以利为利,以义为利也。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">我们要注重利,更要注重义。只有义利兼顾才能义利兼得,只有义利平衡才能义利共赢。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">重义轻利、先义后利、取利有道,是中华民族数千年来一以贯之的道德准则和行为规范。习近平同志秉承中华优秀文化和新中国外交传统,顺应和平、发展、合作、共赢的时代潮流,提出在外交工作中要坚持正确义利观,并就其内涵作出精辟论述。他指出:义,反映的是我们的一个理念,共产党人、社会主义国家的理念。这个世界上一部分人过得很好,一部分人过得很不好,不是个好现象。真正的快乐幸福是大家共同快乐、共同幸福。我们希望全世界共同发展,特别是希望广大发展中国家加快发展。利,就是要恪守互利共赢原则,不搞我赢你输,要实现双赢。我们有义务对贫穷的国家给予力所能及的帮助,有时甚至要重义轻利、舍利取义,绝不能惟利是图、斤斤计较。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">习近平同志指出,对周边和发展中国家,一定要坚持正确义利观。只有坚持正确义利观,才能把工作做好、做到人的心里去。政治上要秉持公道正义,坚持平等相待,遵守国际关系基本原则,反对霸权主义和强权政治,反对为一己之私损害他人利益、破坏地区和平稳定。经济上要坚持互利共赢、共同发展。对那些长期对华友好而自身发展任务艰巨的周边和发展中国家,要更多考虑对方利益,不要损人利己、以邻为壑。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">总之,义利观问题关系到一个人,一个民族,一个国家的核心价值观,我们要从《论语》中,从传统文化中汲取营养,结合实际,认真学习领会,把它贯彻到个人的成长进步和实际工作中去。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">爱就一个字:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">市场经济,也可以叫契约经济,有诚信在里面的,这是不是也算道呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英:</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">是的,讲诚信,就是道。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">贝壳里的海滩:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">98</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">年任湛江书记的陈同庆因走私和贿赂事件被抓,在案发后,有记者问,你收贿赂帮人升职,没感到不对吗?他回答说:以为是社会现象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">风一样自由:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">社会主义市场经济养活了寄生权力的利益集团。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">爱就一个字:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">楼上的,我到是不赞同你这一点,市场经济是要有法制保障的,不能因为出现了问题,就否定一切。市场经济,是发挥市场在资源配置中的作用,让要素尽可能向发挥效能更高的地方流动,这是市场的有利之处。自私自利,是人性所致</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英:</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">市场经济,是发挥市场在资源配置中的作用,让要素尽可能向发挥效能更高的地方流动,这是市场的有利之处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">——</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">是的,深化改革,就是要进一步发挥市场在资源配置中的作用,让要素尽可能向发挥效能更高的地方流动,同时更好发挥政府宏观调控作用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">人间词话:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">君子爱财,取之有道,有道就是合乎仁道,合乎义。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">鱼翔浅底:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">市场经济,我理解就是两条,一条是竞争,一条是规制,在共同规则下实现竞争最大化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">爱就一个字:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">人,为什么要修身,就是要尽可能消减这些不好的一面。两只手,无形手,有形手,这次十八届三中全会的提法,就是要发挥好这两只手的作用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">鱼翔浅底:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">只怕有形手还是太厉害,市场的决定性作用出不来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">风一样自由:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">有形的手确实挺管用,关键是改革的目的的什么,不能沦为自肥的天地,正视矛盾远比闭目塞听重要。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英:</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">社会主义市场经济已经显示出强大的生命力,但它还有不健全、不完善之处,需要深化改革。对于社会主义市场经济的认识,需要澄清种种误解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">四、下节预告</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">原文:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">子曰:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">我未见好仁者、恶不仁者。好仁者,无以尚之;恶不仁者,其为仁矣,不使不仁者加乎其身。有能一日用其力于仁矣乎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">?</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">我未见力不足者。盖有之矣,我未之见也。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">注释:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">好(音</span><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">hào</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">号):喜爱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">恶(音</span><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">wù</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">误):憎恨,讨厌。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">尚:动词,超过之意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">矣:同也,表示停顿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">盖:副词,大概之意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体; ">译文:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">孔子说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">我未曾见到过爱好仁德的人和厌恶不仁的人。爱好仁德的人,是再好不过的了;厌恶不仁的人,他行仁德,不让不仁的东西加到自己身上。有人能把他一天的力量都用在修仁行仁上吗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">?</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋; ">我没有见过力量不够的。大概力量不足的人还是有的,我没有见过罢了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span></p><p></p>

贾陆英 发表于 2014-7-21 09:14:37

校正:原文“爱就一个字人:为什么要修身,就是要尽可能消减这些不好的一面。”更正为:爱就一个字:人,为什么要修身,就是要尽可能消减这些不好的一面。

新源党秘 发表于 2014-7-21 11:18:15

子云兄太厉害了!佩服之至!

石子云 发表于 2014-7-21 14:06:51

贾陆英 发表于 2014-7-21 09:14
校正:原文“爱就一个字人:为什么要修身,就是要尽可能消减这些不好的一面。”更正为:爱就一个字:人,为 ...

谢谢贾老指正,已修改。

贾陆英 发表于 2014-7-21 15:23:38

@石子云:看到,你辛苦了。

石子云 发表于 2014-7-21 19:35:38

新源党秘 发表于 2014-7-21 11:18
子云兄太厉害了!佩服之至!

:)

竹梅老翁 发表于 2014-7-28 13:59:44

    “仁爱”是中华民族最核心的价值理念。孔子之前已有了“仁”的概念与“仁爱”的思想,孔子第一次明确地把“仁爱”作为礼乐文明的核心精神,把“仁”界定为“爱人”:“樊迟问仁,子曰:‘爱人。’”孔子又提出了“汎(即泛)爱众而亲仁”的思想。孔子高度肯定了“博施于民而能济众”的行为,强调“修己以安人”“修己以安百姓”。他反对滥用权力,以随意的态度使用民力,主张以庄敬的态度尊重、呵护百姓。他讲五种美政“恭、宽、信、敏、惠”,强调“因民之所利而利之”,批评不教而诛等虐、暴、贼、吝四种恶政。
    “仁”的内涵包括了尽己之“忠”与推己之“恕”,这两者是一体之两面,是互动的。一方面是“己欲立而立人,己欲达而达人”,也就是自己想要在社会上站得住,同时也想到别人,让别人也站得住;自己想通达起来,同时也想到别人,希望别人也通达起来。另一方面是“己所不欲,勿施于人”,即自己不想要的东西,不要强加给别人,也就是尊重、宽容别人,设身处地为别人着想。冯友兰在《中国哲学史》中指出:“‘为仁之方’在于‘能近取譬’,即谓为仁之方法在于推己以及人也。‘因己之欲,推以知人之欲’,即‘己欲立而立人,己欲达而达人’,即所谓忠也。‘因己之不欲,推以知人之不欲’,即‘己所不欲,勿施于人’,即所谓恕也。实行忠恕即实行仁……孔子一贯之道为忠恕,亦即谓孔子一贯之道为仁也。为仁之方法如此简易。”爱人就要善为人谋,成己成人成物。
    儒家讲“仁爱”讲得很平实,从每个人对父母、亲人的情感开始。“仁”是以爱亲人为起点的道德感,首先是孝敬父母、尊重兄长,然后把它扩充出去。孝悌之所以重要,是因为爱父母兄弟乃是人之所以为人的一种基础性的情感,是人们对爱的生命体验的开端。人能够以这种爱为基点,然后推己及人。至于儒家的爱亲,并不是无限度的,它是有一定的节制与尺度的。孝悌只是“仁爱”中之一,并不是“仁”之全部,恰如孟子所说:“老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼”“亲亲而仁民,仁民而爱物”。由爱亲人推到爱陌生人,由爱百姓推到爱万物,爱草木鸟兽、瓦石山水。宋儒张载讲:“民吾同胞,物吾与也。”这是一种宇宙家族的思想,包容性很强,表明天、地、人、物、我之间的情感相通,痛痒相关,表达了一种普遍的同情心、爱心与正义感。这也就包含了我们今天所谓生态环保的意思。
    历史上,在中华各民族融合的过程中,“仁爱”逐渐成为传统价值体系的内核。广义的“仁”包括仁、义、礼、智、信“五常”,狭义的“仁”则是五常之一。“仁爱”也是“孝悌忠信,礼义廉耻”等四维八德的基本精神。“仁爱”思想具有草根性,是各民族老百姓的基本诉求。各种蒙学、家训及口耳相传的人文教化,以润物细无声的方式把这种大爱精神普及到千家万户,传承于世世代代。“仁爱”也是历朝历代官德的中心内容,为官之道首先要讲爱心,关心百姓疾苦,仁民爱物。“仁爱”在今天公民社会的公德重建中有着巨大的生命力。
    在中外各文明对话、交融的过程中,“仁爱”思想及其“忠”与“恕”的价值原则,一直起着积极的作用。在佛教传入中国后,佛教的“慈悲”与儒家“仁爱”相辅相成。伊斯兰教的教义也讲“仁爱”,古代有的回教思想家融通儒回的“仁爱”,有很多建树。基督教传入中国之后,儒耶两教在“博爱”与“仁爱”的异同上有争论也有融合。在世界各种版本的《人权宣言》中,在《世界伦理宣言》中,中国的仁爱忠恕之道都成为其中重要的精神或原则。
    “仁爱”是社会主义核心价值观的重要源泉,现代社会、国家、个人的发展,必须以“爱人”“成己成人成物”为前提与目的。我们可以毫不夸张地说,“仁爱”是二十四个字的总的基础,尤其是“和谐”“公正”“敬业”“友善”的发祥地。
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查看完整版本: 跟贾陆英学《论语》里仁篇第5章(7月17日)