以民为本的苏东坡
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">以民为本的苏东坡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">苏</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">灿</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> 林语堂先生曾说,苏东坡“是悲天悯人的道德家,是黎民百姓的好朋友。”确实,苏东坡从政</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">年,不论是在朝廷任职,还是在地方做官,甚至被贬于蛮荒之地,他都坚持以民为本,关注民生,为老百姓做了大量好事、实事。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> 元祐六年(公元</span><span lang="EN-US">1091</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">年),苏东坡任颍州(现安徽阜阳)太守。上任不久,就接到朝廷命令,要在颍州与有关官员召开协调会,商议开挖“八丈沟”问题。有的官员认为可以开挖“八丈沟”,以解京城开封和附近州、县被洪水淹没的隐患;有的官员认为不可开挖“八丈沟”,认为开挖“八丈沟”既解决不了京城开封的水患,又增加了颍州大地被水淹的危险。在这个问题上,苏东坡认为开挖与不开挖都缺少科学依据,他建议朝廷暂不动工开挖,待他进一步搞清楚实情以后,再作决定。朝廷同意了他的意见。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> 在苏东坡到任之前,陈州知州就已经上报朝廷,并同意计划从陈州境内开挖一条人工河,直通淮河,以免除陈州水患。元祐六年(公元</span><span lang="EN-US">1091</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">年)苏东坡任颍州知州时,这一工程已于</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">处分段动工。本着为人民负责的态度,苏东坡对这项工程的利弊进行了重新审查。他组织本州各县官吏和水利专家,实地调查和测量水文情况。他们利用竹竿和水平尺进行测量,每</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">步立一根竹竿,总共立了</span><span lang="EN-US">5811</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">根,测了</span><span lang="EN-US">400</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">多里的距离,掌握了与“八丈沟”有关的地面彼此之间的高低、各条水沟的深浅、淮河涨水的水位等详细的数据资料。经过</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">个多月的实地测量和考察,苏轼摸清了淮河汛期水位要比新开的“八丈沟”高出近一丈的情况。他由此得出结论,“八丈沟”若开,大汛时,不仅起不到排水作用,反而必遭淮河逆灌,颍州将遭到八丈沟上下游洪水的双重袭击,颍州将加倍受害。于是苏东坡三次上书朝廷,阐述开八丈沟弊大于利,劳民伤财的道理,终于说服了朝廷,停止了对八丈沟的开挖,从而避免了一场重大的决策失误。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> 八丈沟停工后,当年颍州就免除</span><span lang="EN-US">18</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">万人服劳役,节省钱米</span><span lang="EN-US">37</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">万贯。颍州人民至今提起这件事,仍然十分动情地感谢苏东坡为他们做了一件好事,他们说:“苏轼对得起颍州人民,但是我们对不起苏轼,至今未给他修建纪念馆”。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> 苏东坡任杭州太守时,有人看到西湖淤泥堵塞,主张将其填平。而苏东坡在给朝廷奏章中明确指出,西湖对于杭州来说如“人之眉目”,不能废除,并请求朝廷拨款疏浚。在得到允许后,多方筹集资金,组织动员</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">万民工,奋战了</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">个月,终于疏浚了西湖,并筑了一道“苏堤”。如今,苏堤已成为西湖上的一道靓丽风景线。在杭州,他还创办了安乐坊,即医院,为百姓解决了就医问题。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> 在徐州,更是流传着苏东坡抗洪抢险的佳话。宋神宗熙宁十年(公元</span><span lang="EN-US">1077</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">)<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" year="2009" M="M"day="17" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False">七月十七日</st1:chsdate>,黄河上游决口,滔滔黄河水在齐鲁大地横冲直撞,蔓延几百里,徐州危在旦夕。当时,城里富人已经准备外逃。苏东坡沉着冷静,组织徐州军民英勇抗洪。他身先士卒,住在大堤上,坐镇指挥,加固、加高、加厚城墙和大堤,和军民奋战了</span><span lang="EN-US">45</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">天,死扛硬守,硬是把洪水挡在了徐州城外。他还利用皇帝给他的奖赏三万贯钱、千八百担粮食和</span><span lang="EN-US">7200</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">个民工指标,在城东南建造了一座全长</span><span lang="EN-US">984</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">丈的防洪长堤。他还在徐州找到煤炭,为百姓解决了燃料和炼铁问题。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> 在诸城(密州),他收养弃婴,挽救了这些孩子的生命。在惠州,他提出用竹管引水,解决了百姓的饮水问题;还推广秧马,减轻了农民的劳作之苦。在定州,他推广水稻技术,使当地百姓吃上了大米;他创酿的松醪酒,</span><span lang="EN-US">1915</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">年在巴拿马国际博览会上获得金奖,流传至今,成为名酒。在儋州,他兴办教育,传播中原文化,使那里产生了第一位进士。在扬州,他改革漕运,允许百姓运输官方粮食时,适当搭载部分土特产,以弥补生活不足。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> 总之,苏东坡为官一生,每到一地,不管</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">年五年,</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">月</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">月,还是</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">天</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">天,他都为百姓的事尽心尽力,为老百姓做了大量的好事、实事,至今为当地百姓所传颂。特别令人感动的是,他在登州府(蓬莱)当了</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">天太守,做了两件实事——改革盐税,加强海防。后人为了纪念他专门修了“苏公祠”,至今被誉为“五日登州府,千载苏公祠”。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: right" align="right"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">(作者系眉山市政协主席、中国苏轼研究学会常务副会长)</span></p>
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