漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

' Z E1 A; A! Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, # ?: R+ Z2 w, `6 K! g$ K5 \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, $ H. b* g2 }3 W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, % h+ F' \, N+ C8 N) k/ l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,+ r, F1 C' U+ L cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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. G, n) D/ Q" V( s: Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, / u. M: k- J! J( Z- ?* C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ; T w. X S; V- i/ _( [ nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, ( h0 ^4 J3 ~2 n8 bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, - v+ D+ U9 d, U* p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, , L% @ c, a. X h; ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, % k# V; l @1 k4 t: K; R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 8 S5 H4 f& @' b9 Q9 ^* B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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" R" l! E2 H. R* y# T5 n, T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 0 Q, |& V' q/ j, Y; Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 O# T; u# R- J' d( K"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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+ @+ d9 T0 D. k$ bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ( o2 u. o4 }2 v: e' r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ " \2 S4 v" d$ [# L! ?) S A0 F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” , T1 Y: ]" X/ d8 m' H( n- Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 2 R6 ]" ` ^5 X0 I" v1 g* X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” $ O: b( d, ]" {$ p5 p- |& F8 w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, + o# p: F- L! C% Q/ X5 s. l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * J; {; @( w0 l3 B"Times New Roman"">前者为因, + G% S4 L7 g8 Y ?' V, j/ ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ! U$ x3 J5 Z5 u* ]6 P. n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, : J$ s; T1 L; `( O) M8 Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, $ y; d! y3 S1 s" l7 ]0 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, . b6 k. `/ j' O0 M8 ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, : m2 x' \( K8 r5 ?" Q/ V( v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: % }" C( A9 n% B9 i8 w. `" ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , @' Z2 }. }* M"Times New Roman"">“ 3 F' U5 ?) ?6 i) V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? . U7 y6 d }. A* O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 0 ?* [$ p8 G1 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, G- G$ F& ?! U+ vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: , w9 F) r% [/ M$ Y* I$ @! v# k! v, C" ~$ l7 M, smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

 

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1 h& j' q: d& r3 ^5 Z* |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 * P$ N4 V4 q6 P1 w. Q% }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, " n P- k0 @/ X: K% Z6 N3 H" X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' _/ X- r8 ?- H"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, : m1 m$ N' c5 T/ A3 _ F3 {6 Z+ u( ~0 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, - D8 Q5 d2 ~/ \) L. Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( b+ g9 U6 r" x2 V% a, r; _# U"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, % F0 V$ E( E1 T* F9 r7 H7 b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 3 F& k/ r- K. a" `: ]+ s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里& g) o9 {5 u) e2 b; b6 B: |& n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ( k3 U6 f! l$ Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(5 U7 Q/ J7 N, I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ( D* ?: O( q: z1 c m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用. [6 A; o$ q! t3 a12.0pt">, 4 J4 N; f4 b# v/ n4 C0 _. e7 C"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ! R3 t5 y" x0 }5 G j( D/ tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 6 a! C( R: p& G: @* X4 {* hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!9 j# H# R4 N! H- f1 f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ; o' h1 ]8 c( l. A' Z6 [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: O6 l% y9 e; `3 G: y/ d: Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, / y3 \' E; Z* E9 b" I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 1 _: Y3 \6 a6 \& a+ H& \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ + a, D+ H W$ N* Y _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”: y8 [, R1 P" Z 12.0pt"> $ X& \; M, n6 R0 `"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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# J) I% ~, _9 B, A0 ?# t; ?* P, u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, % p9 ~3 A+ d# g, Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, $ m! Q) L4 J2 k+ _( s" y: |1 R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! }/ V( b$ b A/ O+ v"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 7 Q4 C/ k5 B! b8 t( a3 ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, , Z# C+ q1 q* \2 ?6 C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 6 C; Z% u/ i; s! ?! g/ V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " a `4 z9 B& z9 f; v, z( ^"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ) }4 n V4 g9 V3 N2 Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” & \4 Y; l$ b7 z N C' R1 ^( T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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& j U: V, {3 {, N1 X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, " {2 O9 v$ H" x/ ], v2 o) x* h9 P' g8 I8 `! C' i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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% A) A |) {9 d% ?; [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, - ~0 E( N0 n! R6 n2 V8 n6 ]) E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 8 R# u$ O# B5 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: K, f: E6 Z6 s2 G: ^5 P+ r"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 7 R' h4 L# i0 A: o+ p( o5 ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ; N7 Z% {3 I xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 \( h/ d$ U8 {: J0 ?"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,) |' `' S5 b* K* y- }# m6 A; ^5 ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, / m* u, u* @$ r; d' p1 H8 ]2 z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题9 B" c' u# f+ O 12.0pt">: + ]4 `3 H% o! l! S8 z, o7 [; ["Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 2 p/ j' `0 `- d8 E9 {6 ^" qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才1 D9 C3 x$ \! B7 l12.0pt">, : D+ K3 v& G Q, O+ S+ p "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, - g3 C2 K' ?6 G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: i6 S" r/ I# {5 j"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; * a& S# A# [: G" {8 J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, % W# m7 X/ v- E6 S% j! f2 [/ ~' ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, , ]9 [8 B9 Q( Z9 F8 ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : ?1 ^7 I2 G+ {0 h4 e% \"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题+ `! M7 T% Y# F$ x! z! w12.0pt">; ( i1 U @# w8 F8 n0 K "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 9 j- g; q- \4 N# P" q* }- n8 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求2 f6 V0 z6 a% V/ s/ W 12.0pt">: 8 q' C, y6 j8 U. g7 N. G1 D, r "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; , n" g/ T, k8 ~1 A# F- H: h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ^9 E5 H: \+ ?4 F+ {4 _7 p/ J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, , Y/ G6 Y [0 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + V3 k! m o& ]0 S! |; j# i. _% [) S* z"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统3 [, f, }7 U7 f- L12.0pt">:

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( X0 u. f! s9 c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ / _" g) @" `* ]1 o' T) r+ H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” * K' q# d% n! F' D- E) n k" T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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# P* ^4 h5 b; m7 A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, % W8 R s3 E" C5 _' F$ Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; X! e3 x1 X2 G* V2 M"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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- ?% j7 |7 }2 F1 z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, . `6 H7 a3 [# G0 ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / ]( T% }7 B+ M6 |" _7 A"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ( e6 y' n6 C: Z- @3 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 1 w8 C) d4 `: o( L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 1 R! d# w `: s- H: _6 M- J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 4 ]1 x$ S0 v+ |, Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ! M( ?9 J* Q& F1 k8 |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, - J- y' q, V+ z9 P* d, w6 F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 4 z2 b6 H0 I* m- I; P# h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: O3 n; b2 M+ U/ t# O"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 1 S* d) q3 P' D; j3 y( b- C* r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, . ^& b* i7 I' t) p gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 D$ w1 R5 {6 E+ f* P"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, . j* K4 G1 w% m# W5 C7 p9 P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

% ~" n [$ }5 M* {. E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,) b d7 @2 P$ W/ Z( L, nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 X3 S; T- e- f3 D0 L"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定, ]0 `4 n' S4 \$ W& ]$ q; U3 J4 l# P12.0pt">, 2 L+ f9 U2 M6 r "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 4 G3 i- E0 F. r% Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - `3 b8 K5 A+ s0 p: O7 r"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:. \+ ^; O' i# D1 j4 M7 F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, " L; n5 J# ]" k. H, Q2 R, ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, % ]4 b* s3 z2 q: d( e" B' R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 t& F/ s6 U$ D"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, / `- k7 C4 T8 D) O! Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, " {- R3 i8 f6 f/ U6 N% a: Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 3 h/ {5 D7 n; W, g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ) \, ^. o& n; a f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, H1 `3 m2 W) S8 `9 ?0 q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 o$ D( |; j7 v$ B"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊