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+ k. c& m5 h. N0 t% [4 wTahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">今日圣诞，老猫先祝大家圣诞快乐，虽然是洋人的节日：）下午贾陆英老师继续在老秘网7 [2 L, q" [, N5 F3 D
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">群“重温经典读书会”49231471辅导我们学习《论语》。贾陆英老师一直记挂着我们这群“大学生”，原本这节课是安排在周三下午的，但贾老师届时另有要事，所以今日上午便特地在群里发出预告，提前到今日下午开课。有此良师，夫复何求？闲话少叙，立即把上课实录整理奉上。$ E; D) D7 _' M: ]) X8 R, F
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+ b0 k d m7 n" o+ c$ B8 W) amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾陆英：( ~7 d/ K8 Z1 m; W
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2 m5 E/ k1 Q8 o$ ^mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第- N9 v3 _ z: `! J+ _; S% Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">5, h6 K2 s0 R j ?' jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
3 u9 Y. s2 m6 H$ \, pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">章：+ H: V5 K2 p7 X3 jmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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# s" ^$ `( Z& ~' X. g" C: y Tmso-font-kerning:0pt">孟懿子问孝，子曰：9 j% i' O$ F( k
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" D* m& E* K' A; \7 Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">无违。! q) z3 B! Y8 L' A& E- y. ~+ r, w( T
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! [& K8 y. U/ `$ y6 ?4 [3 imso-font-kerning:0pt">樊迟御，子告之曰： P' P: ]( a7 fmso-font-kerning:0pt">“6 i# @4 c3 U& `! pmso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;
2 Z/ D- p( E" F# `5 ~6 z5 b+ jmso-font-kerning:0pt">孟孙问孝于我，我对曰无违。2 {6 T; y% d: Q: E" ^1 D, hcolor:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”1 H* g5 |* ]* h5 ^" v
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">樊迟曰：, _- G5 h$ L0 d8 J& {
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/ `3 k$ h8 r- Rmso-font-kerning:0pt">何谓也？, ?8 @4 }0 ?2 @" a8 a# xmso-font-kerning:0pt">”+ H h! W" L; t$ X- `) S" b# Umso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;
) a. q9 T5 o0 @: @4 ymso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：5 t& F2 J( n' Z4 j
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">生，事之以礼；死，葬之以礼，祭之以礼。* b4 T. Q3 _2 i* X/ _2 s
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">孟懿子：鲁国大夫，三家之一，姓仲孙，名何忌，懿是谥号。他的父亲孟僖子临死时要他向孔子学礼。无违：不要违背礼。樊迟：孔子的学生，名须，字子迟，比孔子小四十六岁。御：驾驶马车。孟孙：指孟懿子。# N& C6 g! @( o9 a5 p7 `5 Omso-font-kerning:0pt">
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p7 C# L8 {- z1 C# V6 bmso-font-kerning:0pt">孟懿子请教孔子什么是孝，孔子说：8 H+ P3 L3 V' _7 A' l; p7 q7 }" c
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" p) O. X4 O4 X6 m) v. rmso-font-kerning:0pt">孝就是不要违背礼。7 H8 {% ]+ n3 c9 z/ B: ~
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" h4 }) L- ~0 y, Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">一天，樊迟给孔子驾车，孔子告诉他说：8 j5 S8 K7 e9 L0pt">"2 D! H2 E' ]4 K5 X4 ]mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:
4 N7 `% m6 E. y+ q$ z8 Q0 G! WTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孟孙问我什么是孝，我回答他说不要违背礼。& V5 `) l: y0 B& q4 \% t1 ]1 S) Imso-font-kerning:0pt">"1 i6 v1 `' A6 H+ w* ~1 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
0 m% v: I& D2 m0 } I; Pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">樊迟说：9 p& y' V/ \0 I+ o/ q7 F- I: A; h
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">这是什么意思呢. T! T0 Y/ t' c% n5 W8 L4 J' fmso-font-kerning:0pt">?" $ A! h: f4 G- _! ?
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* e6 u; h& A9 _- i: A( }$ c! e, pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：$ {, U4 V" v7 f$ d5 Q( n: ?) gmso-font-kerning:0pt">"& g! Q: z0 {) }3 }7 N( q( m7 jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
9 y+ |) j! I* H1 }6 ] `9 Fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">父母活着的时候，要按礼侍奉他们；父母死了，要按礼来埋葬他们，祭祀他们。 q3 b7 B, N) r3 O7 P$ D& ?
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4 Z/ [* W5 F0 C$ j1 `1 y! |mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：怎样理解孝就是' c& }9 ?& I" G7 u0 Q2 m1 E10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">“- A1 e9 q/ q9 d& H1 v# nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;! V6 d) V9 B. d6 r( O
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：孔子教人是很讲针对性的。孟懿子不能遵从他父亲贤而好礼之教，所以孔子针对他讲得7 o% F' w) S: i6 U* {mso-font-kerning:0pt">“3 w; q& R7 N" k6 x
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( n7 Z, z$ X$ `' H, ?mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是不要违背父亲的教诲，这是就具体情况所做的回答。但是就普遍事理而言，孔子讲4 I9 B1 C3 j2 @+ `1 d* Y( G
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" H f2 _4 Y) n+ G$ m3 |mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">无违2 [# z0 U* ?) B; dmso-font-kerning:0pt">”# J! F4 N" T; R$ y' W, ?
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( S: x" P% q1 j, A" `! v, Wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，强调要以礼事亲，不可违背于礼，9 s! p M; \1 c g: c" i6 |mso-font-kerning:0pt">“% H7 Q% }( Y1 G( xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
# @# W5 }8 ?3 \: Q; Q5 d& jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">生，事之以礼。死，葬之以礼，祭之以礼。* ~/ ~8 Q4 d( o! k% Imso-font-kerning:0pt">”2 P! I2 o2 w, n
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">父母在世，如有不合乎礼的言行，子女是不应当顺从的，而要以合乎礼的方法劝谏，这是对父母真正的爱护、尊敬。孝的精神，还应当体现在父母去世以后，要按照礼制去安葬他们、祭祀他们，这才算子女尽孝有始有终。5 K6 U, x! o" g* {. L% [mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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9 U' M5 e5 t' c) P, Emso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章谈孝的重点是，孝要落实到礼上。孔子讲仁与礼的关系，一方面强调仁是礼的核心，礼应当体现仁的精神；另一方面又强调，礼的规定体现了仁的要求，依礼而行就是仁。据此，是否做到了孝，要以是否依礼而行来衡量。! K/ l2 y. B( P; F2 d* A
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8 m4 A S) F4 E+ W; bTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孝最重要的是心敬，心敬外化出来的表现是礼遇！反过来说，虽然礼遇有加未必出于心敬，但若是不加礼遇那就一定是心不敬，也就是不孝啦。所以外在的礼对于孝来说很重要，如若无礼那必然是不孝！对父母尽孝道，是义( q; ?8 J: ~# d( A9 j7 I4 x8 a8 Z
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孝最重要的是心敬，心敬外化出来的表现是礼遇！, D r- W/ X5 q+ @# J0 kmso-font-kerning:0pt">——8 A/ V4 g T( R2 F) k( m" H6 V1 l
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾老，昨天晚生正好读到战国时期儒家关于礼、丧、祭的论述4 \4 ~7 O" w5 Xmso-font-kerning:0pt">2$ ?/ f" j- ~+ e( w/ R. Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
: u4 {* a! E s4 T3 Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对父母的孝道，是义。如何尽孝，是礼。如何行礼，就是生而不违，去世行丧礼，祭祀行祭礼。对父母的孝，绝对不能行功利主义，现在社会上很多人在父母有能力的时候，和颜悦色，等到父母年迈无力，不能给自己帮上什么了，就放弃赡养父母，这是一种巧言令色，有所图谋。这三点做到都是不简单的，先说不违，能够做到遵循父母的教导，按照父母意愿行事之人有几？晚生做不到，起码现在说，不孝有三无后为大，父母成天逼婚，依旧违背了。老吾老以及人之老啊- J+ N! r) G# M+ \
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, Z( S4 u' X6 {Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孝，如今还在于与父母交心、沟通，体谅父母的难处，分担父母的责任。现在社会中，生前不依礼事亲，死后大操大办的现象很普遍，成为了陋习，也造成了很大的负担。 x% O! x- T. \- Wmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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孝经
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; l! \0 d0 c5 J8 q$ }* h+ v9 F1 FTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孝，如今还在于与父母交心、沟通，体谅父母的难处，分担父母的责任。, |( _) {; K6 g% K2 [+ _& Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">——7 v4 g e2 v5 X% O
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4 _9 l g: R8 O" A. _/ i2 Vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对，这是从情感上关心父母，是尽孝的重要内容。生，事之以礼。死，葬之以礼，祭之以礼。6 B3 n& q7 q& Cmso-font-kerning:0pt">——- u' p7 r- l6 [- O, t6 h
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% Q; `6 p2 a& T, E' S$ vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对父母的孝道，是义。如何尽孝，是礼。如何行礼，就是生而不违，去世行丧礼，祭祀行祭礼。《孝经》说：% E/ z- G7 J, I6 C4 Lmso-font-kerning:0pt">“6 E* M6 j3 q. ~; \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
% _) @: \2 i+ e0 M5 Tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">礼者，敬而已矣。故敬其父，则子悦；敬其兄，则弟悦；敬其君，则臣悦；敬一人，而千万人悦。所敬者寡，而悦者众，此之谓要道也。" j) V- i7 i* y* V# f
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">礼的内在依据是孝悌，而外在表现，就是一个7 Z1 N. `+ Y; j6 k emso-font-kerning:0pt">“. R+ k: v: r u& M% @. i, @
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+ P6 y) o+ p, o6 x. I# W Bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">敬) i9 @0 {5 n* J# S) e7 ?7 U3 lmso-font-kerning:0pt">”: |8 n, m. q4 Y! `9 E9 G
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">字。所以，如能尊敬他的父亲，那么其儿子就会喜悦；如能尊敬他的兄长，那么其弟弟就会喜悦；如能尊敬他的国君，那么其臣下就会喜悦。尊敬的是一个人，却能使千万人喜悦。所敬者虽然只是少数，而喜悦的人却有千千万万，这就是为什么把推行孝悌之道和礼乐教化称为6 w7 k4 C5 o3 k$ N+ z5 Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“: a3 d+ i* M7 Z+ Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
! u3 w4 U- T5 C. v& Q" D, b% F, Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">要道$ y2 p. ]$ b& i$ n# v$ s! I/ Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">”% i$ W9 E: i, z/ E9 ~ z6 ~ q
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">的意义所在啊。, m3 n3 E" W* C }* r7 ]2 @mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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- c" e2 ~" S/ _% a2 fTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">嗯，这就是不孝有三的第一种。事谓阿意曲从，陷亲不义，一不孝也。我们通常将的孝顺的0 t3 C$ u7 i2 J( Q4 N! h
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. k$ g5 _7 _2 F# ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">其实就是不违的意思0 \) [7 ]: b c5 f9 W+ b; D
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