对当前民族领域问题的几点思考

   目前，我国民族、宗教工作总的形势是好的，但是存在的问题不少。有一类问题是由于改革开放以来社会深刻变化引起的，总体上属于人民内部矛盾，属于教育、管理、引导问题。还有一类是西方敌对势力不愿意看到一个统一、富强的中国崛起于当今世界，利用民族、宗教问题对我实行渗透和颠覆，这类矛盾属于敌我矛盾，是要针锋相对开展斗争的问题。
    关于加快民族地区发展和反分材夜思裂斗争的关系问题   
    尽快把少数民族地区经济搞上去，尽快改善少数民族群众生活，既是我们的奋斗目标，也是反分材夜思裂斗争的最重要物质基础。但我们也要清醒地看到，加快经济社会发展并不意味着团结、稳定的问题，尤其是反对分材夜思裂主义的问题自然而然就可以解决了。在这个问题上，前苏联和南斯拉夫的教训非常深刻。两国都有扶持发展程度较低民族的政策，力度也不算小，但政治导向不对，结果一切落空。如苏联搞加盟共和国制度，宪法规定各共和国有权通过“自决”自由退出联盟，原以为只是说说而已，没想到几十年后闹成真的了。英国前首相撒切尔1991年谈如何瓦解苏联时说：“我们的政策的另一重要方面是利用苏联宪法上的漏洞。苏联宪法在形式上允许任何一个加盟共和国（只需凭着共和国最高苏维埃的简单多数）只要有意即可迅速脱离苏联。当然，由于共产党和强力部门的凝聚作用，长时间里这一权利实际上很难实现。但这一宪法漏洞还是给实施我们的政策留下了未来的可能。”南斯拉夫把各共和国、自治省的自治权力绝对化，不仅各共和国、自治省只用本民族的干部，甚至在中央一层搞各民族“轮流坐庄”，原以为有利于把不同民族拢到一起，没想到导致民族的分野越来越明晰和政治化，民族间的矛盾和问题不但没有如制度设计者所希望的那样趋于消弭，反而不断加深，最终成为导致国家解体的重要原因。我们在支持民族地区经济社会发展的同时，必须使我们的制度设计更有利于增进中华民族的凝聚力，必须有针对性地对各族干部群众进行思想政治教育，必须及时化解发展过程中出现的影响民族关系的各类矛盾和问题，必须毫不手软地整治内、外敌对势力的分材夜思裂活动。要使支持民族地区发展的过程同时成为加快民族地区同其他地区之间人流、物流、资金流、信息流及干部的对流的过程，成为促进各民族团结交融的过程，成为巩固国家统一和中央权威的过程。换句话说，对民族地区每一项经济投入，都要赋予增强团结、维护稳定、巩固国家统一的意义，都要考虑到产生经济、政治两方面效果。
    三十多年来社会主义市场经济的发展使我国经济领域各种生产要素加快跨地域流动，这种流动无论规模还是速度都是空前的。这一趋势使各民族交往交流交融更加容易，各民族关系更加密切。比如，各民族群众更多更广泛地混居，少数民族群众更加乐意学习国家通用语文。我们的政策取向应当是顺应这个趋势，深化这个趋势，使之不可逆转，使“三个离不开”不仅是一种愿望和倡导，更是一种现实的经济、政治、文化关系。从我国当前民族分布的现实出发，国家对少数民族地区的支持中，民族因素和地域因素的考虑仍将在相当长一个时期内并存，但随着民族混居程度的加深，随着少数民族群众生活和文化水平的提高，要有意识地向强调地域因素的方向引导。也就是说，经济支持要更多强调以自然环境艰苦、群众生活贫困等地域因素为标准，更多强调对贫困地区、对生活在那里的所有民族群众的支持，比如“西部大开发”、“兴边富民计划”，而不是过分强调对特定民族的支持。以地域因素为主要着眼点，国家大部分支持仍然会落实到少数民族群众，但是其社会政治导向作用却是不一样的。
    关于民族意识和民族发展趋势问题   
    民族意识是一种客观存在，有民族就有民族意识，民族没有消亡民族意识就不会消亡。这里讲的是中华民族大概念下的各民族的民族意识。民族意识可以起积极作用也可以起消极作用，关键看教育和引导。积极的民族意识就是民族自尊自立自强，珍惜和发展本民族文化，以本民族对中华民族大家庭的贡献为自豪，愿意向其他民族学习，这样的民族意识与中华民族意识是一致的；而消极的民族意识则表现为看不起、不尊重乃至欺侮其他民族，在历史和文化的描述中自外于中华民族，这种民族意识实际上是一种狭隘民族意识，与中华民族意识是背离的。我们不能简单地把特定民族的民族意识视为消极甚至等同于分材夜思裂意识，人为地去加以消除，这样容易引发民族的对立情绪；同时也不能让任何的民族意识超越国家意识和中华民族意识，这样不利于民族团结，甚至会成为分材夜思裂主义思想的温床。我们教育和宣传工作的总体取向应当是多讲各民族共同创建祖国大家庭，多讲你中有我、我中有你，多讲在近代抵御帝国主义侵略的斗争中各民族共同捍卫祖国统一，多讲在建设中国特色社会主义事业中各民族利益的共同性、一致性，从而增进各族群众对伟大祖国的认同、对中华民族的认同、对中华文化的认同、对中国特色社会主义道路的认同。现在，我们有的教育和行政措施有意无意弱化了国家观念和中华民族认同的教育。比如，有些学校学生入校后狭隘民族意识反而被激发出来。每次发生掺有民族因素的事件时，这些学校不得不被列入防范重点。这些问题应当引起我们思索。
    这里我还想说，不要一提分材夜思裂主义分子就以为只是少数民族的事。海外动乱分子、“法功”、“台独”分子，大多不是汉族人吗？现在海外动乱分子有一种动向，就是纷纷投到达赖、热比娅膝下混饭吃。也不要一提防止狭隘民族意识就以为只是少数民族的事，汉族喜欢说的“龙的传人”、“炎黄子孙”其实并不科学，近年东、中部一些服务窗口对来自西藏、新疆的客人“另眼相看”的做法很伤民族感情。所以，汉族作为人口最多的民族，尤其要坚决同本民族的分材夜思裂主义分子作斗争，尤其要防止大民族主义。
    讲到民族发展趋势问题，就不能不涉及民族交融、融合问题。这个问题在理论界一直存在争议，在民族工作领域也是比较敏感的问题，导致我们一般不提“融合”。斯大林认为，到共产主义社会，各民族的民族语言消失和全人类共同语言的形成，是民族差别消失和民族融合实现的主要标志。而我们一些学者认为，历史上两个以上的民族，由于互相接近、互相影响，最终成为一个民族的现象，也可称为民族融合。我以为这两种看法都成立，前者是讲人类社会民族的最终融合，后者是讲现实生活中具体民族的融合。如果要求今天就实现斯大林讲的融合，是错误的；如果认为后一种融合也是不能允许的，则也是不当的。关于这个问题，1957年周恩来同志有过重要论述，他用了一个更为敏感的词“同化”：“如果同化是一个民族用暴力摧残另一个民族，那是反动的。如果同化是各民族自然融合起来走向繁荣，那是进步的。汉族同化别的民族，别的民族也同化汉族，回族是这样，满族是这样，其他民族也是这样”。中国历史上，一些民族不断融合，一些新的民族又不断产生，这是普遍的、经常的现象。自司马迁著《史记》以来，历朝历代社会政治舞台上民族格局没有完全一样的。如果不是北魏孝文帝主动推动自己的鲜卑族与中原民族同化，就没有后来隋的统一和唐的盛世，中国历史就得改写，也许现在还是“五胡”。社会主义初级阶段是各民族共同发展繁荣的阶段，我们不能用行政手段强制实行民族融合。我国的民族工作史上对于这个问题有过深刻教训。1958年在“跑步进入共产主义”的口号下，民族工作刮起了一股“民族融合风”，完全忽视民族特点和民族差别，照搬汉族地区的做法搞“一刀切”、“齐步走”，民族自治地方被随意改变和合并，有的地方强行改变少数民族的风俗习惯，使民族关系受到了很大损害。但是不能用行政手段强行推进并不是要我们无所作为，放弃引导、促进的责任，更不是用行政手段阻止融合，使民族的区分凝固化。建立在自觉、自愿、自动基础上的融合，应该是允许的。融合、交融不是“汉化”，而是各民族的优点、长处为大家共有共享，各民族的一致性增强。要把尊重差异、包容多样、促进交融作为民族工作的基本取向。我个人倾向于将来居民身份证中取消“民族”一栏，不再增设民族区域自治地方，不搞“民族自治市”，推行各民族学生混校。
    无论是从有利于少数民族发展、进步来说，还是从有利于增进中华民族的一致性来说，都有必要抓紧推进国家通用语言文字的普及。2000年全国人大常委会第18次会议通过《中华人民共和国通用语言文字法》，规定“国家推广普通话，推行规范汉字”，“公民有学习和使用国家通用语言文字的权利”，同时规定“各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由”。不能因为社会上有一些不赞成普及国家通用语文的声音就产生犹豫、动摇。我走了不少民族地区，根本不相信少数民族学生和他们的家长会反对这一政策。当然，在实行过程中要考虑周到，比如要安排好只会少数民族语言教学的教师的出路。
    关于城市少数民族流动人口问题   
    随着我国经济社会发展和城市化进程的加快，各民族人口流动日益频繁，特别是西部少数民族地区人口加快向东部沿海地区流动。少数民族人口流动趋势的主流是积极的，它为东部带来劳动力、带来西部文化，同时也为西部带回财富和市场经济的种种新观念，增加了各民族相互学习、了解的机会。在这个过程中难免也发生一些社会问题，比如东部多了一些带有民族因素的矛盾和纠纷，加大了城市管理、民族宗教工作的难度。甚至一些极端思想、势力借机向东部渗透。我以为，这里主要是加强工作问题，而不应因此怀疑、否定少数民族人口流动的大趋势。一方面，人口输出地政府要加强对外出务工人员的行前培训，加强协调服务，必要时派出干部配合输入地政府的工作。另一方面，输入地政府要从劳动就业、子女入学、医疗保障、法律援助等方面逐步实现流入人口的市民待遇，保护他们的合法权益，照顾他们的合理要求；同时也要加强法律、政策的宣传教育和依法管理，不能消极应付、放任自流，不能对违法行为采取“息事宁人”态度，不能允许任何人以“民族”身份躲避或抗拒法律的实施。各地开展民族团结进步教育活动，主要应是保障这部分群众的平等地位和合法权益，帮助他们解决实际困难，而不要再刻意把他们从社会人群中区别出来，突出其民族身份，给予超市民待遇。要把他们的社会活动引入到城市现有的社团、社区中来，防止形成体制外的什么“民族村”、“民族社区”、“民族团体”。作者：朱维群 来源：学习时报

yesterday, sharepoint celebrated its 10th birthday.  this makes sharepoint officially a “’tweener” product, ready to fly from the enterprise nest to the clouds. as part of the birthday celebration, the sharepoint product group twitter feed (@sharepoint) asked followers to vote for sharepoint’s top features. remote blob store (rbs), sandboxed solutions, managed metadata, people search and phonetic name patching, my sites, and more were proposed.

but in my opinion, the number one feature of sharepoint—and perhaps the most salient reason why an enterprise should “pick” sharepoint over other technologies that also support strategic objectives—is the sharepoint community. it’s impossible to understate the value of this feature, and this week i’d like to look at why the sharepoint community can help you lower your tco and increase your roi.

in addition, i’d like to share some “big news” of my own!

if i were to pick one thing that microsoft does better than any other technology company today, it is the delivery of a platform that supports an ecosystem.

windows, exchange, sql, and sharepoint are each significant and powerful products,[url=]windows server[/url],office 2010 product key, but more importantly they are platforms that can support custom solutions to address just about any business problem. microsoft doesn’t solve every problem itself—it doesn’t even pretend to—but it gives us—its customers and partners—a chance to solve our own problems. the extensive development platform provides a relatively unified and rich toolset with which to build custom solutions.

unlike some of its major competitors, microsoft actively nurtures an ecosystem of isvs,windows 7 key, partners, and community to use that platform to “fill the gaps” between the products’ out-of-box functionality and the specific needs of enterprises. while this leads to what can be labeled as a more dynamic or chaotic (depending on your spin) environment, there’s little doubt in my mind that while microsoft doesn’t necessarily lead the pack in functional innovation, it is leagues ahead in enabling innovation in the technology sector as a whole. microsoft has opened up myriad opportunities, and many, many people—myself included—and companies are making livelihoods or fortunes (myself not included lol) thanks to microsoft.

over sharepoint’s first decade of existence, a capable and passionate community formed around the product. this community includes isvs, analysts, consultants, developers,[url=]windows anytime upgrade[/url], it pros, end users and business leaders—all of whom recognize the value that sharepoint can deliver to an enterprise in a wide variety of scenarios. i’ve been part of several technology communities during my career—most notably the community around windows server and client operating systems, active directory, and other related technologies—and i continue to be amazed at the level of energy and passion that characterizes the sharepoint community.

the community produces incredible things—many of which are available for free. numerous blogs, newsletters, webinars, and events address the needs of each sharepoint audience, at each level of expertise. just last weekend, i was lucky enough to be invited to speak at sharepoint saturday in los angeles. if you’ve not experienced a sharepoint saturday yet, find one near you! ( sharepointsaturday.org). the events bring together the most diverse cross section of the community—from highly experienced implementers and developers to “newbies”—to learn from each other and to discover new solutions. i was really impressed by the variety of perspectives that attendees brought to the table at spsla. i was also impressed and thrilled to see so many quality isvs supporting the event: axceler, k2, avepoint and rackspace headlined a pack of 16 sponsors.

sharepoint saturdays are just one of the many events you can turn to as a resource. many cities have sharepoint user groups. the best practices conference is coming up in london next week. teched is around the corner, as is sptechcon in boston and sharepoint fest in denver. and penton’s own sharepoint connections coast-to-coast event  is hitting six cities around the us this spring and summer, and sharepoint connections will be in europe this summer in karlsruhe, germany, and london.  i’ll be at many of these events, presenting a variety of sessions for it pros.

then there’s codeplex—the community solution site backed by microsoft. here you can find custom solutions to address a number of common sharepoint “gaps”—for free! and there are numerous forums, most importantly microsoft’s own forums at technet where you’ll find almost 4,000,000 posts across almost 1,000,000 threads—with more than 2,000 new threads each day!

why do i mention all of these things? because it impacts tco and roi. let’s assume you have a set of business requirements,[url=]windows 7 key[/url], and that you’ve analyzed a variety of solutions that meet your needs, and that sharepoint is one of them. let’s also assume that you thoroughly understand your needs to such detail that you’ve been able to calculate costs with incredible accuracy. odds are that sharepoint will be in the running—if not at the top of your list—because its “hard” costs tend to be lower. but again, let’s assume several products are on your short list.

it’s pretty “obvious” that no organization will be able to define requirements to that level; and even if you could, we all know that the world changes, business changes, and needs change over time. so the product you select today may not meet your needs perfectly tomorrow. this is where the community—the ecosystem—really comes into play. it’s a safe bet that if you encounter a challenge with sharepoint, or you discover new or revised requirements, you’ll be able to find an answer or a solution in the sharepoint community—sometimes for free!

a product as complex as sharepoint, that must align with an infinite number of business scenarios, must be supported by a vast and diverse group of people and companies that can be experts in their own corners of the product.  sharepoint has that, in spades.  i don’t think there are many other products that can come close.  so as you consider your choice of ecm, wcm, search, bi, or collaboration tools, don’t underestimate the value of sharepoint’s platform and community. it’s what will make sharepoint not only a good solution to your needs today, but a great solution for your needs for years to come.
i promised in the introduction that i’d share some “big news”—at least to me.  i’m thrilled to announce that i have accepted a position as chief sharepoint evangelist for avepoint—you can read the details in the press release. after 17 years of running my own company (trainability) and working for myself (intelliem), i decided that it was time for me to step up to the plate and align with an organization that has the same passion,office for mac 2011, dedication, and reputation for quality that i’ve built for myself, with the shared goal of scaling our outreach to the sharepoint community.  where i’ve been successful in reaching across the united states and into a few corners of the world, i am now joined by the largest isv in the sharepoint space—a company that touches every corner of the globe.
what does this mean for me, and for those of you who follow me and my guidance?  it means more. more content, more events, more answers to questions, in more parts of the world. avepoint has defined my job as one that will elevate the level of the entire sharepoint community. they’ve made it clear that my guidance shall continue to be independent.  i’ll continue to write this column and articles in sharepoint pro magazine. i’ll continue to appear at connections and other live and online events. my sharepoint training kit—due out this summer from microsoft press—and other books will continue to be published. i’ll continue to help people make the most of sharepoint and what it can do out of the box, and to point people to community and third-party solutions to fill sharepoint gaps.

i’m particularly excited not only to focus on the global sharepoint community, but also to create a direct channel between the community and an extraordinary development capability. now, when i hear about a “pain point” with sharepoint, i can provide that input directly to an isv who can fill those needs.  i’ve been blessed with a stellar client base over my consulting career, and i am thrilled that i can continue to work for nbc olympics as the microsoft technologies consultant for the broadcast of the london games. but now i will be exposed to the challenges that are being faced by over 8,windows server 2008,[url=]office for mac 2011[/url],000 companies—most of the biggest companies on the planet—that rely on docave. that exposure will provide ample challenge for me—and what i learn from those engagements will power this column and my other content for years to come.

while i step up to the global community in my new role at avepoint, the community sadly bids “farewell” to the prolific, über-travelled, all-around-great-guy, joel oleson, who announced that he will leave his position at quest this month in order to take on an exciting sharepoint job opportunity that will enable him to spend more time with his fantastic family. joel will certainly remain visible,office 2010 key, but his massive contribution to the community has left a major mark, and will be missed.  what we lose is certainly his family’s gain, and we applaud you, joel, for who you are and the choice you’ve made.  best wishes for this exciting change!

one of the things i believe our community needs, at this point in its lifecycle, are some “centers of gravity”… places we can go, and people or companies we can turn to, for valuable guidance or solutions. microsoft certainly provides centers of gravity with technet and msdn,[url=]windows 7 n key[/url], but there are obvious limits to microsoft’s ability to answer questions of interoperability, third party solutions, etc.

in its first ten years, the sharepoint community has been exceptionally dynamic, and many individuals “rose to the top” of the community by being visible, by providing valuable guidance or solutions, and by being trustworthy and ethical.
most of those individuals are experts in particular aspects of sharepoint. nobody—and i mean nobody—can be an expert in every aspect of sharepoint and how to align it with business requirements. that will continue to be the case in the community’s second decade, and there will continue to be rock stars that we all turn to for advice. but as a product and community matures, another dynamic begins to take place. the community begins to coalesce around various “centers of gravity” (as i call them)—resources that tend to provide guidance and solutions across multiple scenarios.