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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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5 d7 t7 Y0 b* O4 i1 A7 p1 W% z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, # J4 k: e2 G! q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 3 P9 T1 r! y/ O7 Y: q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 V4 Q6 P$ \! z. c "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, $ L3 t2 ~( _1 [- m( O/ b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,0 \ F8 e/ k# [8 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ^9 D3 u# @: O; I) E"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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% N! Y0 Q# g5 E" h. y& Y% j; Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, n: i. }1 T) _! J, h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ! N/ ]& e% Z8 ^4 K8 T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 h3 i8 ]' ^) v "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, Y3 L- e$ a; M$ E% O # A$ d% Y, G+ F! lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, - u9 z! Q# C. j4 r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, + A% F9 e1 A3 ^+ Z, W7 _4 I4 w1 X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; L. |. Q1 F5 k, L "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, # L4 [9 T% A; Q2 D3 F8 [, gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 3 w2 k4 L. U2 _; P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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6 h# ~- r& W) o9 s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,' u5 t; ^; a; f* E; Q6 v1 r + K i; X- Y$ ^1 d e& j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 i$ P. U& Z) |$ b3 h7 }' T$ p7 E "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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8 u# A, c. ?. [) V* T5 vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, W; I" ~; a% ]9 W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ; V) [3 r) {) p6 N; Z. p J8 f- @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 2 h7 y2 q* h: z$ E' C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ $ N' y! a3 H6 ^9 ]2 }0 N! h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” , k9 N* I2 z- ?) r: O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, / N! [$ N3 s% X2 Y* @3 \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" E& {4 M& w6 r s, ]: [4 l "Times New Roman"">前者为因, 3 a3 O( H5 _& V0 u/ lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ' q5 l' C: i* Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * F& ^2 n. k- W4 ]; i5 I( N"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,6 j6 R: k: N) G- O% [) r - F% d# I0 A4 d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, + ^, _3 k: o( | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ( n9 q" V6 Z* f1 V b/ O; Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 b) I3 X5 B/ [. d3 c "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, " Z4 o7 M. B C! [6 Q3 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: / B( r9 e: R4 V8 D8 V/ @) hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 _, R- B' u! |/ c# Q! \ "Times New Roman"">“ * B$ k( U3 R% ~5 N) n$ D1 p. P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ! @/ ^. ?; j0 ?# D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 1 V$ P( E2 a9 y( s' `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, `7 y8 R: \* v3 d" Q. n" hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; @3 P- n6 m+ b% d3 y: x"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:1 t9 m, G! y5 w 9 | [9 K+ ?- o, H% z3 P7 I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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$ ^( ?/ e7 l8 }5 K" X" y, L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 1 ]/ m! Q% c( V8 W' I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 7 o ^3 ~0 n9 C, [) y" }, y6 z* n+ d+ rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 D! R3 }" a$ j) i) _"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,( y% ?. A% I) ^ u $ H7 S+ D L# P. q! E* l; D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, c+ n4 u+ e0 q2 [6 h' S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: W9 o$ Q5 Q4 P9 v- [ "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ! y; V$ l$ Y4 b% i; f6 M% smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 7 g* ~, {- [6 p0 i' g! Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里+ r+ W' q( r/ Q) W+ H* V5 s; umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 2 \ d" i+ ]- V" @; i2 Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(: V% f' ]( v# d* ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), " y, ~6 @* f; U3 e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ I- L- H9 H- c* c2 K$ R" c, `"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用+ C) j# `8 ` h$ i8 N$ N2 H12.0pt">, : a% L" X6 ]) l( R"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 7 q' K; C/ B7 `* m$ r3 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 O% H# n2 B8 t5 L+ H1 n5 c' X# `"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, / @) a# k. F% p& @4 g6 \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为! n7 { B3 w( X. R6 } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 4 ?( g" o3 P' R1 `6 @' U2 E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 S% x6 q+ X9 w6 ]7 h$ \( Y$ q' e"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 8 A; t) ]$ ?8 a" O; i- Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, G! Z1 ]( q, l7 ^6 D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, " [, }6 ]6 D: O/ [* s6 b) h8 {0 f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * s$ H! W0 g3 U5 x }3 {( L4 W"Times New Roman"">“ 4 u0 t. q7 k3 k9 P3 V6 _. w* { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”" w; G9 {; p( Z9 y' A 12.0pt"> T2 u% X& |4 a! ?9 H8 M% e6 F, y"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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, P' w! _* U) J5 }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, . v2 H. j3 d3 Y G2 ^5 s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ' u9 n# Q7 p. |8 g2 k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + \' m; _$ J0 @"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, - \. i ~$ ~7 D- [6 Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 2 K. ~9 v; O+ \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, , [6 \# g4 F* O' p$ A% S+ k: \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( D9 Y! H# l0 d1 }# ?( u: J7 y7 M, i$ u"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ! x3 E' e. {+ c( E" D! l X7 dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” , y7 u: g* W. K) U+ C) I5 E5 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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2 Q1 Q- m6 Q% S) C1 j8 T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,/ ~) S5 Y% e1 ]5 {, d. g ' J$ f) d3 n8 y) T3 I6 `/ Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 C( l5 j: c: L' V "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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% ?' {) Q5 e1 y0 q, D! x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, - Y3 P$ l) H8 y8 a7 v6 @8 `6 Q* o2 c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, # T: }" T6 i* c! p& X Q: Z5 X" Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) \& m$ s' f6 q* Q. ~; P; q, K"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ! R$ {' c; v5 y9 {- j8 e7 Q. z1 j& Y# L Z% l! h2 Q: bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ) @$ u% K7 ^# s* G5 l- Q7 B0 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 n1 I5 |+ b9 m2 u2 P: u9 ~( e. \7 y"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,$ ?! s7 O4 d x+ d& K( W4 j3 W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 4 T9 N& w5 I- D' y: T4 a9 J) Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; h# p* M4 w* q$ i6 q# _"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题- l4 h- K9 U8 |, a, R12.0pt">: 1 P4 w8 q% e, T4 B6 G1 R "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: - e* C* x: R8 V% e& l& Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & B" n/ W$ R* P+ `"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才1 @; H6 N: }( X% H+ c; ? 12.0pt">, 2 P5 |2 v. K$ R2 c) H"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, . T$ W% d1 |0 W; h. H8 z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 f* [. S- w' W2 [2 y3 E) E- } "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 5 b% K- K* ]- I: V* g# D0 `3 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, % E" o k* E/ L( L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, # L8 Q; m4 J; S4 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 R' y1 t- ]5 Q( y* r% k6 N"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题: z$ h; d/ Q! W% D& A+ b12.0pt">; ; t+ b6 S' }2 t7 o"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 6 b! o; z9 ^3 g1 n- l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 o7 E, `; F& t4 Z4 G5 d' d, n "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求7 `! |, t+ d( ]9 P& t9 p. L& S 12.0pt">: 5 \, o8 J" D X; x; p"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; * C) M& G# S6 s! q+ j0 r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 S2 u5 A" |6 t, h# \: {"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, , w; b3 A' K1 I# X, z* C l" Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, + N, V* K, N3 \8 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 }1 C! Q( {$ l7 Q* } "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统$ m) q( K$ }! p8 D/ L2 p( @& a( J# A12.0pt">:

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9 \2 o' J/ M4 w' r# ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ / P" V% j, N' H) t' d; H& }9 i1 f: h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 7 \+ x; J T3 Z6 |* N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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) _: b# ^: _ G% P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 5 t- D8 Z4 f8 d7 W6 Z0 ~8 I4 |; Z2 t' M/ d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. V' F: [8 ]' s" t+ S1 @9 p "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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+ ~) `2 n5 z0 n2 ]( t0 p mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 1 b8 E# w& N+ a2 P3 K; N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 T/ U% R" [- B, I! Y+ H1 r "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 0 b" G) {) R8 v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 4 ?. W5 B; l$ d3 ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: H: o9 w9 S( A. ]# Z5 }* D"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,) a+ d' S. ~& b6 n * u( h: ?8 h8 `& F0 P( f- H! fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, - j' H3 L/ z& d( n: Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - ^2 [% g$ Y3 W2 a% C, M"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ( L( h; }2 D$ S2 A, zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 9 d ?, T6 e6 {3 w" e) \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 7 x6 s3 {4 N) w, [5 w; O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ ?! }, _+ m. g* w "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 4 c6 f5 N3 ]! J8 w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ; M6 u* _& p1 j! R5 R/ ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 q8 Y' C6 m j8 X, z0 M! q' P! E "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 0 D& a+ `1 ?8 R: R' Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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7 d- H6 M2 Y, c* v# A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,. [2 B- m( {: i. n, l' f3 C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + R8 z+ L' g+ S" _"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定 L7 H6 c( z; G 12.0pt">, / n: x7 S4 f: I8 P7 K3 ^& h7 Z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 4 V# y! t0 H6 |6 d: g, Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 w" }& {) @5 a. ~3 j. u"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如: A) R0 `. D4 {2 W0 C! fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, " s* p/ l g# l, m1 i* Q7 c7 y/ c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 1 J3 c; \! B n$ n: a5 p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 |$ J s0 w7 k) l9 I"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ; r1 h/ C" ~; G/ Z! t) pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 3 K" N# t+ g, x' pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; p/ x0 E! p: ?' @5 O/ S "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 9 x1 o% }7 U( L P, H/ L4 q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ " l# n- X! j' X9 J( U( ^ N4 j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ( O3 S* r( {7 d& V6 Z6 [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ k. W& t. e/ X% p) Q+ U"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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