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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第, F1 V0 P( h6 _5 h o, Imso-font-kerning:0pt">20 T$ A) ~% `& b, ~. h
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+ u8 g4 U. _8 U/ ~6 P2 {+ N7 G, Xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。3 o! M7 J4 e! H6 U1 t9 q) N9 I$ u$ e+ T
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7 ?7 Q5 k$ d. z# X4 F8 H& hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经) _4 W, R5 V( X4 b: l
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。# S6 n& I. ?, F5 }: ]
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- q+ n& V* ^& Q2 v- D0 h+ e- Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是* H' S0 d1 y/ G8 H) a0pt">‘, F& Z, @/ X5 A4 O8 Y0 i5 n# u+ cTahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;
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- S* B6 p' }; S8 h# ?, mTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？4 Y2 }; P' X1 \' P1 r- w" X
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% o* f4 \4 a/ K% S# @/ h ZTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，$ j- E9 Y9 x: \7 N9 |8 T
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1 f, @7 c1 I$ jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。# M( c! A: Y6 _! u6 @' T, e1 [; L
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐8 @; ]' i& X3 j4 k" Y10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”7 g5 H, ~5 ~$ B$ b, L( p; B5 Y Q
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% L; C# R% D0 b# y) r# `2 o! j, qmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种. |) W- u& G8 c+ Q
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& N. a6 M% Q W/ nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的+ } }) _% A g7 L1 h0 |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，& P+ Z3 F% x1 E$ p* k
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3 g& G- ^. H9 ~4 T1 Z, Cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教# J( m+ F- @0 a: E
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。& [7 J5 D1 \+ c8 V |, X
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌$ I4 n: W- ~' e8 C3 w9 _
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：6 Y/ c4 x4 E+ M1 ^
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。* F0 J" m# A! W4 l2 P% M- Mmso-font-kerning:0pt">”: K# @) }% K4 F1 m
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' J+ `- U1 x6 Y$ t4 O5 B5 p \mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语 M8 N7 ]. c+ K& \$ W: \7 Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">•+ R- ?9 ~7 K9 E' {* W1 z9 \5 g
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9 z8 H9 W: g9 G9 A& y' }0 a mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）/ g& j# F' ~6 M1 j6 P, w# _' `
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2 q5 y/ N# B+ Y G" Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。+ ~% b3 F0 v* L& F0 @/ n. Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">”' c+ _6 N; A Y# K2 Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;' K% ~! F4 o8 L3 ?9 [, A
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语5 Z7 L0 y% e* Tmso-font-kerning:0pt">•* e) i' S' f. P0 ?5 ~; Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;( F5 g5 W2 v L7 F+ s
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过: \" n' B1 q6 Z4 E& C
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨) S+ \3 H, s9 J' C3 H* W2 [& u* Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">”& d! z$ @9 ?1 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;: t4 U1 a0 q3 c+ B8 T: E% ^ B
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人# t9 s- A- n. Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">“" F( U8 `0 `( Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
6 r1 E4 A- K6 N1 i; ?2 Dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪# d. D. C, @6 K0 ^: q+ r
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7 k i! r9 h. `" s% P1 xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。, A/ H+ B5 Z) M
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。3 L1 a! b8 J, D" h" k
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+ r, `4 \1 R- T" c5 a* `0 v9 RTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。/ }5 K) W, s" D+ }7 ?( r4 wmso-font-kerning:0pt">——8 o- r% g2 I) h- ~8 A8 \! jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;6 O- ^# k; W* I- h
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">此乃9 V( s1 {, V$ e, ^" \
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9 ]% _& \3 r9 n( Q2 v/ {) _mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”1 j0 p5 K8 C8 C7 `6 hmso-font-kerning:0pt">——6 y- {, e! l, i/ C: H
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。8 \1 ]& @! n" ]
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。- \* {3 o; \' E# t; ^5 m* Smso-font-kerning:0pt">”/ }3 I6 g0 Z4 Q, H7 z, q+ [9 s+ o
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2 k6 _9 v% z, a6 umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于" |# J ~) `; ]% d0 F2 Ymso-font-kerning:0pt">“& l& I- r2 y* l2 A/ Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;$ x9 y4 v7 d5 E* h8 ^
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8 F+ X1 g A/ H$ l& x8 o2 y( X. v0 qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨; b& ~5 ~& b' ]3 _2 S
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓0 D4 D# Z/ b4 S( gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“, m9 }: S2 Z: P- h* B! T/ m
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓4 ^6 g4 ^3 j$ C$ k) F1 ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">“( j; S# `$ q( h1 t! ?; O) Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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, @2 F- N7 Z! b4 f2 s! Bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓' [) d5 K# E5 o- E, S4 E3 t$ g0 Fmso-font-kerning:0pt">“, U( L5 c2 j' o K! v& l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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9 P' T% k9 {+ t. Jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓* j) V# u/ b3 I3 M4 c& F! { C. l+ C
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼 j7 V2 o& z( o# X( d5 Pmso-font-kerning:0pt">“9 k# d. m% p) P+ ^% h8 E7 |
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4 o; d& Z4 J$ B3 u& o0 G- V+ N' Emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤& e5 _, u+ t% l, n% K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语9 z% j: N+ b5 l! n7 ], r7 h! dmso-font-kerning:0pt">.: b9 r) B; n, [" |5 r) [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
& f) k! k; A6 k; z" P, ]mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能6 Y+ }; t+ E& l' X8 amso-font-kerning:0pt">“ b. s, ~: B4 Y) r- D9 Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
- p: h3 A3 w/ z7 k8 `mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨而不怒( l$ C) t" L) b% e5 jmso-font-kerning:0pt">”8 r) S- X1 y+ Z% }
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹8 i7 z) |; y/ N. J
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人4 q2 v/ i& }- K7 ~3 j% x8 ^: }7 R
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. Q+ I2 |. P+ _. K6 Mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪, a" r! ?+ b4 u
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- `# F# P) ~4 D& k9 gTahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫西麦：+ k. u( h: s' L, n7 A) R9 q7 G5 u7 ?' L
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3 v/ c" b5 K8 ?5 R, {Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。. l9 a9 i+ B4 ]: w6 b
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" l- K, \* p8 rTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">智者见智，淫者见淫。有道理0 q% e9 W `( q6 a3 ]0 N
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* x& U; H2 Z7 l# NTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。7 m* T9 ?/ i z3 Y1 q6 J2 r# y7 _) i
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3 {4 E8 M2 _6 Jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是的，不但文稿晦暗，而且说服力弱1 c2 h/ G9 a- \ d7 q* B9 [- m
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* A- }* k3 D- L4 w NTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我们领导基本把稿子中的诗句都略掉，不读，也许在正式场合没有习总的温柔劲吧. |1 d; o7 G8 ]* P k$ nmso-font-kerning:0pt"> $ B' R6 l F( N! v% k9 ?
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( r1 H3 o" H# i" ] f9 {1 O3 HTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等5 Q! o2 q1 e3 P: t% c6 Q/ i. R- ]
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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