漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

& [* n* E* h" y$ x: o/ Y. o/ f' imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, & M$ W; T$ A+ j1 j+ I7 R5 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 5 d. O9 x }9 h2 V; T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " L2 Y+ T# @- o0 I, Y5 b8 L: B"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, ' {! x. g1 Q, f" }3 |4 p; { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,2 l5 L/ N8 z" Y k2 _: ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) _# k. r4 j$ ~1 ]$ r9 |"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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! x8 e, ?& G( Q, |, { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ) N8 ^; |: i' N) L% J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, " M6 K; D8 Z2 s/ ]' r( I+ l4 t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, ; y* v, G" f2 v7 p, Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, , D- S3 o, j$ y( @5 R8 y8 r, K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, $ W6 Z+ N& ]" Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; ?! p7 w0 `1 Y3 O) z* q( e"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, , I- u+ h( W8 P8 }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 3 e% a1 j8 T0 ]1 n5 I) ^+ c; C1 A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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2 Q% {+ D" C* ^4 G* t5 D. Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, & w5 Y0 A! i# M9 x& ?$ p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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0 j+ U( f% A/ D% Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ( \" O6 @9 U" e3 e* P h6 S c7 x7 `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ) q3 l3 M7 G3 S5 z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 1 Z% a/ P1 J, N+ ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 4 H$ ?0 K& g/ t4 ~$ r" p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 4 ~9 L% W {( U& t+ r) z% L# N. S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ! `4 D1 e/ e" @4 m1 S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, + c5 W# z3 J3 c, Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, - \) Q1 _2 d3 G4 p) i! ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * D: W* H b. ~: D"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 6 b# ?$ ~7 c$ j* T0 n! b& C$ G% ~. y: g/ N' e' t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, # L( k. y/ N* E. v8 x6 R9 E7 } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ) o6 C- H' g* _# [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, $ w+ b# \8 l; B2 z0 A7 J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ; d. `3 J5 n, c( T) _% K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ ; P- ^/ ^, Y" B3 d7 c3 w" pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? . K9 k9 b/ ~/ t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 6 n* v6 g& W; t& A# a) x* Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, % `7 a `: i3 ?* Y3 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - c- t* c2 W5 K: }9 ?1 G"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 6 d# |4 R3 ], r* l. C0 qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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" f2 p: g) o8 a' L; O+ J/ }" `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ! \" }% C! Y$ q* F8 M3 Y2 D. e$ d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 1 U$ a$ ^) g: V m9 P- ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 y, S7 M5 }) _- n. S"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, - N$ F( ?5 s+ {% g/ z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 0 x& n+ Z$ ~0 [( A% Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 _ `) ]2 k9 @( h: X5 I1 E"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ) Y+ {& ?: G1 e$ e- q3 Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 : b. g" ^4 w1 _0 ]; x* T; u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里9 Z; M2 `8 r9 }9 a# w. G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 j0 `3 k+ m* L1 ?4 g0 w% Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(% V Q K# M5 i2 ?2 C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ! r6 c7 u C, b: w% o, [0 q, nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 a$ A; z8 L5 z6 t2 o9 Z"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用/ J# S: ]' z0 b- B: C" N& _3 k 12.0pt">, # i _. ]8 H& [8 z k* o "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ( I m, K' t. Y Q) S/ Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : H" Q- l2 l' E. t: l( C3 }"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 0 ?1 ` q6 h: ?( @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!% e6 |: p0 H# P/ z0 B5 s$ _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ! u/ K5 i( {; y; K* Z# Q: R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! F- d# M: |, a"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 3 k/ f: m) m+ |& |& ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ' W" I; ^. x4 G! b7 b3 q4 [( M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, / N$ E/ o4 t$ F8 u' i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 3 Q3 ~$ y+ Q- omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”2 ~" ~2 {/ K& n4 N7 D 12.0pt"> , r- }2 M& B; M1 Q9 \0 O"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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; g& Y) b @ r+ V4 }* C+ p- Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, , L% J" H/ ^8 \# o5 X; k( Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, - j% I2 w4 ], W+ u9 W4 U8 | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, " c$ l5 q. r7 emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, # m2 n) ~, A; C- d) E' ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, % ]8 _7 d7 T% e5 ^! u5 C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ p; p' J W" K8 |: E: V0 ~* ["Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 0 V5 y3 R1 H8 Y1 ?5 o% z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” - r6 W. T4 v# Q) s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

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4 M# s" ^1 w- n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, & q: g4 C+ D- w3 b6 h& U+ N; v6 T" x9 R6 n! B. a- m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # C5 j e2 s, [7 p2 k"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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/ Z7 z( A4 L9 y ]1 C! Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, $ F& q! a! C7 X3 {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 7 A, R% q. g% m6 v/ k ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! \2 W) W8 h2 U, \"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, . ?! _( ?0 C& k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, + I @/ Y/ R2 C* ]2 O9 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + u, A! U. e7 h8 S! w"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,4 c8 H. M5 z. P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, + q: s' ~' O. I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题7 @: W W( L$ u- J% z4 N 12.0pt">: / F0 L' F% s. Z k+ i+ s3 K5 g "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: : ^8 ~! [+ L1 O' e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( Y9 Z! C2 S' W1 N6 E$ m" w"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才& L( Z3 O9 t% p& Z/ E8 Z12.0pt">, 1 c! D6 A3 {: O- }1 m2 P "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, * ]3 }& s* ~. y* Q& y2 M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: F5 b- s6 {* W, j"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 1 R, p' m8 L/ G4 V5 ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 5 H) i0 f( W: G5 G/ e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, # W/ u, x& W. t% q# Z- w0 Y! Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : d% }$ i* H- K- X8 p) I"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题9 }0 b( Y5 S% X3 \3 q0 t9 G* |+ `12.0pt">; 7 \; P8 U+ a* m* C2 b& s8 K: G "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, * g4 b! Y& d* g+ ]1 L$ G: b! `$ h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求& \) K' K% t( a" i* H2 Y9 l2 D9 {12.0pt">: 8 i- ?: h X4 K( {! T"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 7 c7 f2 y- f( c: U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 [- Q0 h+ M8 G" P3 S5 U. ` k"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, , B/ L' \+ y) f' R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, - T3 j* h" W# k- A8 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统+ e& r( c# V# u1 f3 S* p' |12.0pt">:

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( p3 q! P& r% e' R+ Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ ; F# e) n. m. P& [3 Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” . I! n; N o# f ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

 

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% }4 o3 H3 j2 M8 @( M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, ( K( ^/ k- E9 S4 F$ \$ Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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& f/ p- B& f* e! Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, & M" ]3 e! ^4 k; D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & _, ^ |' t6 l( p"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ' G4 ~# |5 Q% l* u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, / H$ Z# L; T: z$ Y! A1 E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 9 T9 K# \' Y8 N3 K) [/ {3 d0 m( M% R) v% ^ p+ L8 emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, + R8 u. J) k/ C' g- U, F' b1 V) A" ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: R3 w' N! W; k"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, # M1 x% Q# s* amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, " N2 v" F5 H' P* U) G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 2 u) p# i0 Z! H l! ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & @2 J, u9 f8 b/ P% K% F"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 9 y+ ` A' h( ?/ A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, - o) V/ N$ P+ j+ f1 H- { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; I1 \. g* |2 p) j$ Y* J"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, % N* ~* I6 f4 m5 k; ^0 D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

7 t3 ?8 K5 }4 w" M! ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,0 X# `! H% c* o: d1 h* B1 F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定5 l9 n+ x$ j+ R9 m1 s 12.0pt">, & q/ u( v: {: X' M( _ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, . ?; g6 H+ J8 R7 Q" P$ X) u( Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 ^" n8 A* D1 {) I% W"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如: {; ~' ~% b( m# N( k3 U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 0 A" {( E$ [# j; { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ! S' }8 r" w- Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' P% ]) Z& I) R# z"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 8 V$ a; r. a! P+ V2 e S* Y- b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 8 F) k% Q4 ~4 S+ p) H- `4 U* Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 {: b2 c9 s1 v8 y"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 3 r. D; m# J2 O2 n2 `& g* L2 v5 i% w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ( a! r1 v3 n( y8 s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 8 \2 r. _ C3 q9 g& C6 x. r b& l0 { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊