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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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. N5 V c: T9 f$ g! _2 H& NTahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾陆英：6 k$ ]- ~8 i5 z0 y6 L
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# ~; [# o6 D5 \ y- f: e( STahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第" [ H3 K% F, |7 A6 F) jmso-font-kerning:0pt">2+ P" r/ e- K/ _, |! P- O$ dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;6 Z8 k9 ?* h2 g, f& t9 W4 @; p
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：9 Z; R' z/ M& y/ w5 e0 dmso-font-kerning:0pt">"$ L, {2 [0 G( lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
1 W, v- D* x# j2 ^, E1 i* R/ cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。4 j' Q% c+ L0 b7 X' G& P8 C
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" D# N. g; ^1 m; k! \Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。! g( a: ?5 T3 G( O# o) K+ }
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; P3 s+ w% Q: b% _( G. m$ r, nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经7 o; F, t% y, Y4 ? Q7 [mso-font-kerning:0pt">•; ^, [( ~, k, u+ v6 R3 U" U1 e3 J h
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% P* E5 Y/ T4 Q* `( Qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。2 |" V a K/ D" i3 Y: g1 i- d# m0 jmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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& W( I9 y% ~8 B/ T9 [4 C' mTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：' @# h6 }8 O" W: ]/ ~
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是# L$ B! f' j5 T$ O ]0pt">‘) }) Q/ N, V2 _' y7 y. B: fTahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;) i B9 T& u8 E+ ~' M/ b# M" a) y+ ~
mso-font-kerning:0pt">思想纯正。7 n n3 r+ O1 C5 E/ |# ^: d# q( ]
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' t* C) z/ T; m1 C7 f( G6 xTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？$ D/ y- U( ?" W$ N" Q: h0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，/ h$ | r: z, pmso-font-kerning:0pt">"/ B0 L0 X4 P3 y
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J+ Y* y5 ^" F# x- o/ d, }) I; @mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。4 y! q- g2 k* p4 d; }1 T: jmso-font-kerning:0pt"> - G0 |. W+ z; C
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐) E$ M3 @8 v( s9 X5 _
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# F- T2 ~1 s3 q* Emso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种7 a# v# u- q2 n {& N/ z
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( @ `# `# r' Q$ q5 Amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的/ O) _; [. ]- @- k" _mso-font-kerning:0pt">“/ Q% T% v* l% ?
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，" @" j- Z" M b, a3 [* pmso-font-kerning:0pt">“! `8 x4 l5 @9 p) B2 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
4 a5 n* @6 s4 I# K' I" P/ W. amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐教 s& n; X8 g, n0 W D& `
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+ h' C, p1 T9 R# T# m- S& F8 pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教9 g! w0 n/ ~6 l& i. f1 d9 W( c" q
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& G9 t' c% `" |, E3 k% z- Y7 Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。0 e& S+ t. ^2 ^ c2 tmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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" J7 [5 y' y, pTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌) y- d: N- x% l, }" r( Y$ h' y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视+ t* H, Y) `( {% \6 u
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5 N/ X' _1 G' X+ l& Qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗/ e/ N6 D' ~. ^( W# tmso-font-kerning:0pt">”6 H7 x+ U9 J5 p4 N+ r
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7 o7 l$ e4 ]( m1 Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：, l6 a8 X& q6 R8 l8 ?" d
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5 B3 y5 V" k' X$ S) I0 Dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。: R4 ?4 B0 _. B8 e# v3 dmso-font-kerning:0pt">”2 p5 x3 K8 p+ j# f/ E
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语9 b* ^0 k5 _( S Y: |! Pmso-font-kerning:0pt">•9 H8 i. `+ F3 F K- z
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. w' D# ^( J* l n8 ^4 @mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）: A: u1 `' a' U$ Emso-font-kerning:0pt">“# b/ ~, j: I% N% O$ a2 Z( dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
- S7 Q0 R. ], n) f8 `: z8 a! p8 nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。% U) h. d! e+ t1 v2 b& kmso-font-kerning:0pt">”2 t3 j+ L1 w. m3 y5 D; Y
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) n; o0 ]6 e. i, l2 `( `; a9 N1 Qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过+ s) t" g' T! [6 h8 u2 Omso-font-kerning:0pt">“' D& H, m4 b( ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
. b6 q5 v4 O0 t3 h( @5 v; F" Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨' x, _* t* Z2 L, Z
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; @% c. Q3 B, t9 [mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人3 B2 j8 ?9 U- q4 U. Y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。, G& h6 X$ n3 I2 M# v! o7 `mso-font-kerning:0pt"> ( r8 O0 j; w: T; h. p
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: l6 N+ d% Q7 [. [Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">一丝霞光：" c; Z. g- \( R' ]5 Q6 w0pt"> # E, I* F( H/ }% a0 U
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。/ S+ N# U7 q% x$ u: n6 Omso-font-kerning:0pt">
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0 @ e! `' {2 m5 X; }6 NTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。; M. y2 F0 u& ^+ U
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">此乃 _, T. e5 ^2 D* E1 a( y/ i {mso-font-kerning:0pt">“0 w( @; x! f/ F( efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;& \0 C% l# e, N
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) }, e1 Q" m( W% h$ I! fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”8 c) ^2 @9 S0 K4 p9 W8 z% M4 N5 vmso-font-kerning:0pt">——7 k% ^/ x! k9 f( ~) [; z/ }* f
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. G0 E( s* j# J6 g6 ~* Fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。% g6 G1 \7 T7 Ymso-font-kerning:0pt"> 1 q& r! S" Q3 R( W+ b. o
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6 V a2 I: O% W: X. K* {- Amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。; o; X. p; Y d* {& _" e- V8 tmso-font-kerning:0pt">”6 _8 N, y5 |8 T, sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;& K" z. O4 q( M% O- @) e4 t4 H
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于* L& ~* \9 b; ~! U5 w
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6 [; A, J/ Z( Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">观) i* J4 z7 Z+ T5 G, P( M$ v+ n2 Tmso-font-kerning:0pt">”( c( a& A' q1 ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;6 s4 j7 o% r/ |: l/ D7 ]
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( X v: f( K }% t mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨& }$ q, k+ y* t) u1 h$ u% p G
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5 {! i b% I W: v, `/ c$ {mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓3 U4 {6 {! T# J, l4 m7 Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">“# D4 T7 j9 F: l7 E0 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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! n9 V, J; T8 L7 q% g# A: dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓# V6 I: B$ {0 g; g/ Smso-font-kerning:0pt">“4 j" u0 I; k- W9 c! Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
?/ R& f3 r$ k$ @mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">观4 O- z& _/ }8 v( s
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓' d" E; G1 p9 |9 e( z9 J: H
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">群+ M! q F4 @. W) c/ umso-font-kerning:0pt">”1 Q& z+ S8 ~, g0 _
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓! P( C. D& B& M$ _$ Z" @; t; U
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨1 [/ p4 A* M. xmso-font-kerning:0pt">”" M4 Y1 D. d P# V' |
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" r3 p% l# c) a$ H/ p0 ^* imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼& E* n4 x0 c+ V# ]: _
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5 i* I9 l) ~* t$ v3 _% x3 I% Xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤 w" ] @3 P% R& }; N% H
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语2 ~, ]8 {! N5 Z3 [; kmso-font-kerning:0pt">.( k5 f( j0 i: N! G* |/ b- f( p/ ]9 `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;& ]" z/ j" a2 L# [% ~, z2 W
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能- m& v( Z; Q2 i' g0 f1 O
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨而不怒/ v, B% b# I1 v' }6 O+ q: |5 K Lmso-font-kerning:0pt">”8 |! r) W& N5 M% X3 Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
9 S. E% t) j5 u% {6 Dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹0 [* k& X# y6 r! Z% E# U$ J9 z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人( {8 E/ U, B0 G) c9 M' X9 Imso-font-kerning:0pt">“4 A/ F( C6 v; M/ q3 M7 F! ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;7 G6 G# d/ {# z8 ~% m3 h% N
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪' O# f9 A. e9 Q6 G$ [, B5 i! l. ?& pmso-font-kerning:0pt">”5 p* {6 S: A( b% h. R" bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
$ C7 N* c& w! _1 `4 m1 U. E4 |$ Emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语! H" n* k0 O0 e/ Y$ M. x
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) F' t- ?. y2 I6 X( Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。; A; r4 d1 S* U! N; }; Rmso-font-kerning:0pt"> 8 D! B0 p K9 e
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。% v% Y D1 ~( K* P# i3 @
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。9 K F: \& V2 v. V) y6 g
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( Z+ ]6 }; a1 L RTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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