4 U" A1 Z7 _* u y/ q
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, % E: g( _8 e1 D. q0 E+ m
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ) n1 Z4 r! ~. O+ j8 R4 R
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 L' C& t9 ` S( E% f% c, ^ U
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 0 M/ v$ v7 [6 |, E4 p3 n
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,% {! G1 D( m ]# t1 r- C3 B& f, Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
* m7 b0 n# \! ^: }! C8 ?8 R
% `8 k k: Q. }# r2 l3 V* U# F; ]
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 9 ~& T c- N, q0 X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 1 D* \2 }) r( _- L( c% S
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 \7 o3 G. `6 Q* [% i! r* _
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,3 {+ t- b9 ^6 x! Z3 a
% F: e0 }9 o( a/ ~; u0 [# u# ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, : m7 v9 |0 [7 |5 Q% i
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, : |) E+ Q$ M- Z9 I5 @: U
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 l# w' Y" Q+ u
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 9 p1 K9 g2 p% {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 9 q/ [8 F+ E2 |; }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
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o( b/ ^& i6 I9 u+ N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,$ o* Q7 @6 q3 A
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
: |: A+ W) d7 \. c0 d$ l* \. | & G/ @6 g& a- @! F& n0 W
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 5 x) P0 U# [: G
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ . C" A" W; [# D' A. V) w) S/ e! V9 L
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” . T% M. B3 f. b( [" Z) [
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ; Q4 D) X7 h/ m. i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” / i4 b3 y6 I) L0 |; p7 m
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 0 v4 i# }- f1 v( S4 [1 O9 efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- A: P" \" {7 v! Z; f- ~1 u' L2 B2 ?
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, # Q' L" m! m% D0 m' e
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 4 Z7 G- @. L# m+ k) F) @5 t% efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
3 v+ a V7 n$ y# cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, ! H0 r4 m, ?8 N6 Y5 P1 b5 m
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, , Z+ |, X$ T' m# ~) o6 [. W+ ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 3 s& l f; F! T) |. z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: * j+ v" G: P& z8 m: W
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">“ 4 R3 L6 \" R5 H2 i5 Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 9 H1 U* S' i% H3 l2 ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 0 c A0 s8 ]2 M* y
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 9 l7 n: M% _$ y. n9 jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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! m* t; p- e; F8 o" m, bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ; k4 W# n3 E% x9 v$ V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, $ o- S# v8 i5 X Y0 v0 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,4 t3 L' q; d2 Q0 Y F0 t
0 C( j2 x# y$ Q# d! u( t
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 9 }* [, D/ p; B4 g0 y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 3 z, V& d' w7 Q7 [0 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
4 p: D. H" H. G% t) I+ y ?; |
+ G- Q) F1 N+ [5 l0 G9 I3 e
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ! ^3 a, p: o7 Y) b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, # k0 q4 b& J4 d
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# V1 U1 C* s/ |8 j
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ; a o7 r$ ]2 ?1 n* ?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 8 i! |& w9 ]9 k& b# S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, - E( U/ {& s4 `$ M8 L3 g% ?9 g
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; o6 j9 j; k2 Z. u! i* V5 `
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ) t+ V8 K/ a4 a; l/ rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ' W' T2 [ s b3 Z" Z* ]0 I# F
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
' F5 b; C) w2 z- `- I
; T2 r0 X! L- g- N0 ]' G; S% K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% N W& A8 R3 l
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
/ m8 ]- U- x4 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 8 Q( ~$ C+ D, m) E R
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, + v/ y; {5 V* d, r* m0 }$ ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素," c! R6 K8 g: k
; l1 h a& E& |% C" k/ t
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, / w9 r: w- {) n
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& V9 U2 \: e( `1 u& p+ |" \
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,. p( O9 @9 } L2 H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 2 n' L. u' r6 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 J0 q5 j! C6 b( J5 ?; \
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题2 ]+ z/ u( E! K4 f8 v12.0pt">: / J! o! `2 j( ^- d
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ; a* O. O9 v' u! x/ v% m, f
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- `/ ]! D# ?1 c3 F1 D$ w, G' s. ]- u
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才2 y6 w2 T' `( _ N7 e; x8 m9 ?12.0pt">, 2 v c. _. W3 B" B9 W"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, # g" ?6 S0 P' Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) c6 p' R7 i8 _9 ]
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 1 {6 q* \4 k; l2 a/ a8 w
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ; n! K8 A/ C6 X6 }3 @0 L- w
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 4 P3 B) ]( s) a# o9 J+ c) _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题$ p2 U: B1 h. `6 ?: W0 a( m/ A1 C12.0pt">; , d- G, H6 E% w6 s0 z [3 ]! n( {
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ) O/ b6 Q$ E* P7 m. |2 Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求* {) c4 f& @7 Z3 p! {; H. O8 ?# W0 m
12.0pt">: / e& ^1 w9 x0 W# y"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ( {' d7 c3 p# j, o* Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ W2 O/ d$ }% ^ J0 f3 z( K+ d
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, / Y" N6 {* M9 M5 V0 l0 j: Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 9 ? f( d/ Z, n
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统 e3 M6 y% K' O0 {' y% s
12.0pt">:
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5 a; P: `% N& M2 m( t/ dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ * C1 M6 k- m) l. o+ v1 \2 a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” v- g7 N. n# q$ }/ n; W
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
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+ N/ O1 H I3 y; Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
+ y$ j6 S _7 t D! W$ R0 V D
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
! T( P4 K& [. P% a" _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,) B% M* n, }- r9 I# o7 V+ D/ B
" c2 e p" p g4 I; M! x/ afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 Y% k- ]$ W0 q2 T& e1 @
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, - c3 b$ G! v# B Q0 h4 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, # b) V' N/ y; X$ s# b' ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 0 w3 W, k/ ?5 @$ _$ C7 p- [
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 u# w8 f/ ?5 ~& X# b( ~
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,- l) U4 K O* v5 P
) b* K4 C( Z+ S. J. M, I
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 0 [& P& S5 n6 r3 i+ T# I
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ' P, O( v! O$ I* C V, b& y1 w2 {
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 0 `! o5 W" s+ y" W
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: & ?; b! a- j# O# i4 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: p: A5 a( Y: @" E
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 8 W' |, e+ p1 B
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ( V( J, e* F! _, ~
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! s+ b; |, A4 Q8 j$ _
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, - d% r4 g3 T# X" E, T
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
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j8 W2 k( c5 M5 K4 q1 b2 G* j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,* `/ ]6 s7 @* ]2 ] D. h" yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; B9 u- ?+ L0 ?2 ]; v" \. Z3 t "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定4 q. g s+ I' {, L, S4 C! G 12.0pt">, . U4 U& s4 A* D+ w; `# L4 Q"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, , @" f3 x) f3 `9 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:' M+ C: ^( B0 G4 N% k2 _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 3 Y1 W1 f i, P8 o1 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ! L% C7 [' ]6 [7 P; L# y1 r6 ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 3 L* Y3 C* Q8 M4 H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 4 a Q' }* M3 s( H2 e7 R) I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ) c2 P) r6 r9 r8 A" G" x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 3 u* t: @( R4 H3 L5 q: Y, d: l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, # t( I6 ?% x4 ?2 m( w: M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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