7 j4 C7 O# N* a% ]1 r8 t7 ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 6 T* Y7 L$ o# d6 m: H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, C b5 V j& {) n$ d9 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, , N8 i6 ?3 N9 I3 N7 ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,+ E8 H' l6 N% [* Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
9 Z! F! S$ c% b* _+ s; Q- x9 T
+ F7 I' t% _- W* f+ Z2 K! i/ F9 f: V
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 6 I* v5 u2 @0 B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, * L5 \( c ~5 g! s. qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,- o2 c5 { r" L1 }0 |
* r5 b& ]5 A1 h7 ~
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, # @7 g( Y+ S% [( `$ c
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, * Q+ z3 ]7 l ], r( _3 z J
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 {+ x4 |# V4 t0 i* D
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 6 c o9 O# h* E f4 O3 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 6 l6 p, s4 g- B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
0 ^# G+ p$ Y5 C9 E, h. ]( [) S 3 A) K: N* `$ d% ?( v9 b2 R a
o( v2 c' ?- P6 F& e( n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,
: y+ V1 l2 ~' E8 F6 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* O% t: V$ N0 ~4 G7 x$ z; ^
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
( n. b/ p3 @; L: W1 l& G: y
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, " P1 W( l3 U5 @! m+ G2 Y; a. x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ & L" o/ C X O3 v, C
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 8 W) ~! m/ b% c! t* K7 I j4 s
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 3 F& {$ ~- b: h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” & C0 s* G" B, F, P
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 3 b% e0 s& W- o8 t
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 3 Z# b) h( |/ O& Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 9 p3 i5 [' n) Q% ~) ~
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* J4 b) _0 h5 k U: G/ h
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,6 L8 z1 Z8 ?1 a9 z$ [( {/ D
/ s+ t, N* L& [9 [0 c( mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, * R0 V% H+ d! H
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 3 P& @( J; i9 h5 T' ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 N$ g* a# P* _1 q) _( I @% {; A' v
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, - A4 u# t- W" R7 ?3 e9 m( u( c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: $ ^* H: Y3 H0 u2 H6 ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">“ 2 y9 s- M. ^0 ]5 D- Z9 l+ Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? : t; l2 w4 W" v2 S ^, x) |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” " \8 C; \5 o* t R: z( O
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, . u$ @# O; X5 J
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* _2 }3 V) F4 N' {( O/ M
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
( @2 j6 H- x4 u) T$ @& H " E5 I) L/ s3 s% H/ P& K9 K
' d }4 O6 e5 z* W
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 6 w( D2 f2 |8 S$ y0 w4 }- u5 f
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ) R2 h. W; p, ^. q4 ]
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,- A9 ^; k% M: i; v1 P
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, & M+ c3 I& N; a1 m& v# q8 w/ j! f
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 Q# s# [' S! R' d1 U0 T/ @- t
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, # ^ t, e" `; H
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
$ W9 }$ [/ p3 Y) C, z
& x) P* X3 L* o/ S0 q- N& E
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ! F A; v9 O* q& j, I' [; I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, $ E" ]5 t1 b, R, T
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, , Y- c- i, u& f6 g4 G
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 6 D' R2 }/ x/ b6 f
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 8 B3 C5 k7 B/ e0 |: ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ( f- o7 u1 P# S$ h# v+ f
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” & s, N' @1 _5 r/ {5 ~, G" P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
& i4 P3 L4 M! h" j$ Z5 q5 L
" u* }- U+ }; ^0 D8 J3 Y' G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
( A+ a& U) q) W' x2 |* {
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 D ^( g6 `8 a! g; L8 {8 d
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
/ J$ q8 l, }, F) b! H4 a: S" ]4 ~' {
4 @! F$ Q, U6 t' q; z! v2 m4 S
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 2 F8 o4 o3 P% B% }' n# @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, @1 j+ \ i, ]7 \3 B2 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 N& H" X( i" A9 F5 \4 R
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,/ B' m x2 Z. v- L. P
9 v9 B9 N" r& v; M3 D, _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 1 g" m2 \5 `. e- i
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 K; A% z8 M% N1 Y$ y$ q$ E
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章, v: f$ J! z; C5 ]" G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 8 J) y6 K! ]4 }2 C& c
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题7 J0 N7 D- c* [" R% p+ I12.0pt">: ; ]9 m* I L6 T+ ?
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 4 O' `! `7 \2 B2 l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% D2 A" y T+ X+ Y/ y1 w9 K. ?7 z0 y
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才/ W+ ^! w3 ?; l) Z* r- {3 s
12.0pt">, 5 H, ~& s% l5 G2 g"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 4 r1 z+ y! d8 l' q! p
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) L; p, E( C2 U4 m$ \
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ( J# E1 d$ s6 t. z; v5 Q
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, - C1 S3 v# |2 R( r; x) e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ; o4 P' u8 @) o9 A- l; j$ |7 {
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题( v" @1 Z2 o( N12.0pt">; D* d" y$ B1 {6 ?# x! k"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 4 X: |% Y3 z) H' p" ~
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 i1 {+ [, s; L, E0 e
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求 g( m: E" O, X
12.0pt">: . ?( n8 d, A+ d9 i$ B+ v
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ! @+ L G% i( I4 Z2 W0 G) ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: q+ F r8 p0 m) S0 b% X
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ( D! ]6 [3 H; v) _) Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 1 e3 L- S/ Y; S; H" S5 U/ Y d& D6 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统9 f; y$ T% f, u9 t9 |' L12.0pt">:
" q E- i$ C; i7 e5 Z& d! r
/ R2 s3 O! _& J
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ " V8 @% R2 u: v+ X
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 4 R3 [/ ?' l; T1 z$ |( [ {
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
/ Q& ^- L2 S$ Y1 `+ w2 A ; y, P/ f4 z! P
8 ^4 p5 v# p* Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
# b9 { R1 U4 j+ V2 s5 p- S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
" q& U f3 \! p! Q3 n7 q* B' x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,
- ~7 e" s: i, Y+ |9 ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
! r! N% k E7 `5 |: z6 e) D ; a, j& U' T' j4 J
+ H! ^) K: V: w9 _4 J5 a
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, # J+ Z8 k. I) Q3 D0 u
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, . i! T# _5 e6 \; z3 e8 z! j) S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ; P7 D1 f% [$ `$ X6 C1 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 |% b- _) A7 U
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,1 E% O8 p# Q& _6 I' q/ n$ |
2 U1 w5 s' x L" Q1 ?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, " i3 ~4 M/ f& h* s$ Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 1 T/ X* u, h, xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, * {4 f0 G$ m% ?" x" q0 @+ T
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: + H& |$ ^% T+ M0 r$ Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" q6 v, ^8 _8 V/ o" C* j: F) Y
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, # z/ I1 ~0 {$ J6 |1 |
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, / j& v- n) W- M% [& Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, , E! ?2 b1 E5 M9 B2 s5 t$ T9 {6 d
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
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* @% i- N1 V& |+ z4 z# amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,6 k# m: _% n8 s% F0 n5 H# n: Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; O3 F& _+ G/ {% p6 O. B "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定& y+ h) S% Z! e3 ?5 t12.0pt">, : C/ J( J+ P$ j "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, $ O1 }4 _( s i9 Q8 X4 \2 i. U# Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:2 n0 E F! S- \8 C# P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, $ a4 H, ]* N9 ]9 i6 _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, , V+ m7 W/ [" W( ^- t, J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, M8 s2 b& \5 U% h- B; F# [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ; D8 G" u. a+ X7 w. Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: S: G" L7 O. L& q1 e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ , s9 S* B7 M R. y& m( J# M1 w$ I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, # V. [1 R5 f* d; Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% z0 V9 T! p% b/ Y0 Q+ \# p "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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