世界光伏产业及市场发展概况和趋势
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<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">screen.width-333)this.width=screen.width-333' height=700 hspace=13 src="net0810/081004a.jpg" width=371 align=left border=0>一、世界光伏产业及市场发展概况</SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">世界太阳能光伏产业在市场严峻的能源形势和生态环境(地球变暖</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">形势压力下、在技术进步促进下以及在法规政策强力推动下,自</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">1990</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年代后半期起进入了快速发展时期。最近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(1997</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2007)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">太阳电池的年平均增长率为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">41</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,最近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(2002</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2007)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的年平均增长率为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">49</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%。特别是自</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2004</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年德国实施了经过修订的“上网电价法”以来,市场需求急剧扩大,光伏产品供不应求。尽管有材料短缺的制约因素,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2007</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年太阳电池/组件的年增长率仍然达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">56</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,其中亚洲太阳电池产量约占世界的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">65</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,主要生产国为中国大陆、中国台湾和日本,分别占世界的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">27</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">9</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">23</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%。中国已经成为太阳电池的第一大生产国。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">根据</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">S01arbuzzLLC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.年度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">PV</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">工业报告,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2007</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年世界光伏系统安装量为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2826UWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,比</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2006</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年增长了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">62</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,其中德国安装量为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">1328MWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,占世界光伏市场的总量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">47</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,继续为世界之首,其余依次为西班牙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(640MWp)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、日本</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(230MWp)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和美国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(220MWp)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2007</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年欧洲光伏市场占世界的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">71</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,持续为世界最大市场。这主要因为欧洲大部份国家实施了“上网电价法”,使光伏市场得到了非常有效地启动。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2007</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年亚洲光伏市场占世界的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">15</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,市场份额明显在缩小。主要原因是,亚洲的光伏市场主要在日本,而日本已经结束了政府补贴的政策,日本虽然仍然是亚洲最大的光伏市场,但总量有所减少,加上世界总量在扩大,导致亚洲光伏市场明显缩小。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2007</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年太阳电池产量等于和大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">20MWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">35</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">家公司中,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">14</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">家为中国公司</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">包括台湾</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,依次是无锡尚德、台湾茂迪、保定英利、河北晶澳、江苏林洋、南门中电、台湾</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">E-TON</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、苏州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">ATS-S01ar</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、台湾</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Gintech</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、宁波太阳能、台湾</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Dels01ar</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、常州天合、江苏浚鑫、交大太阳。由此可以看出中国光伏产业的国际地位。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">世界光伏产业和市场发展的另一个突出特点是,并网发电应用比例愈来愈大,从本世纪开始已经成为光伏发电的主导市场,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2007</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年欧洲的并网光伏系统比例达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">95</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%以上,世界平均达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">80</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%以上,说明光伏发电在能源中正在发挥着愈来愈大的替代作用。不仅如此,并网光伏发电在整个可再生能源技术中也是增长最快的技术,成为世界最关注的可再生能源之一。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">二、世界光伏发电发展趋势预测</SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">21</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">世纪前半期是人类能源结构发生根本性变革的时期,在这个变革过程中可再生能源将逐渐替代常规化石燃料能源。预计到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2010</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年可再生能源替代比达</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%以上,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2050</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年达</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">50</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%以上。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、光伏发电的前景和预测</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">太阳能光伏发电具有最广阔的发展前景,是各国最着力发展的可再生能源技术之一。世界许多权威组织的预测、发达国家和地区的发展路线图以及计划的实施情况给予了最有力的说明。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">世界能源组织</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(1EA)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">对未来光伏发电的预测</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">世界能源组织</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(1EA)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">对太阳能光伏发电的未来发展作出如下预测:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2020</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年世界光伏发电的发电量占总发电量的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2040</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年占总发电量的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">欧洲光伏工业协会</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(EPIA)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">对光伏发电的预测</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">EPIA</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">对光伏发电的预测为:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2020</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年世界太阳能光伏组件年产量达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">40GWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,光伏发电总装机容量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">195GWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,发电量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">274TWh</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,占全球发电量的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">11</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,太阳电池的组件成本下降到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">美元/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Wp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2040</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年光伏发电量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">7368TWh</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,占全球发电量的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">21</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(RenewableEnergyWorld</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2003)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(3)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">世界光伏发电发展路线图</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">根据美、日、欧光伏系统安装量预测,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2020</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年世界的光伏发电累计装机容量将达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">200GWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。其中美、日、欧安装总量超过世界总量的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">50</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%。随着光伏市场和产业的快速发展,光伏发电的成本也随之下降并逐步接近和达到常规发电成本水平。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2010</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年美国、日本和欧洲光伏发电成本的预测分别为:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">13</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">美分/度、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">23</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">日元/度和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">18</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">欧元/度。随着常规发电成本的不断提高,到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2020</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年左右光伏发电与常规发电相比,完全具有竞争能力。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(4)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">世界光伏发电未来</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年预测</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">MichaelRog01</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">等人根据最近两年的发展情况对未来</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">5(2007-2011)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">世界光伏产业以及薄膜电池发展做出了最新预测</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(s01arAunual2007)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2010</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年光伏电池/组件的年产量超过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">15GWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,其中薄膜电池产量达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2GWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,占</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">13</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">25</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">由于太阳能硅材料短缺,近年来薄膜电池市场份额不断增加,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2008</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年达到最大值</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">18</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">03</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%。随着多晶硅料的缓和,多晶硅短缺对薄膜电池的影响</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">外部因素</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">减小,薄膜电池的增长开始回落到因自身技术</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">内因</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">而发展的速度上。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、世界光伏产业的技术发展</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">技术进步是降低光伏发电成本、促进光伏产业和市场发展的重要因素。几十年来围绕着降低成本的各种研究开发项工作取得了显著成就,表现在电池效率不断提高、硅片厚度持续降低、产业化技术不断改进等方面,对降低光伏发电成本起到了决定性的作用。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">商业化电池效率不断提高</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">先进技术不断向产业注入,使商业化电池技术不断得到提升。目前商业化晶硅电池的效率达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">15</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">单晶硅电池</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">16</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,多晶硅</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">15</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">18</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">;商业化单结非晶硅电池效率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,又结非晶硅电池效率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,非晶硅/微晶硅的迭层电池效率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%,而且稳定性不断提高。电池效率的提高是光伏发电成本下降的重要因素之一。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">商业化电池硅片厚度持续降低</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">降低硅片厚度是减少硅材料消耗、降低晶硅太阳电池成本的有效技术措施,是光伏技术进步的重要方面。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">30</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">多年来,太阳电池硅片厚度从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">70</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">450</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">500urn</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">降低到目前的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">180</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">200urn</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,降低了一半以上。硅材料用量的大幅度降低是技术进步促进成本降低的重要范例之一。预计到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2010</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年硅片厚度降低到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">160-180um</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,硅用量降到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">吨/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">MWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">以内。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(3)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">产业化规模不断扩大</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">生产规模不断扩大和自动化程度持续提高是太阳电池生产成本降低的重要因素。太阳电池单厂生产规模已经从上世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">80</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年代的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">1-5MWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">/年发展到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">90</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年代的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">5-30MWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">/年,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2006</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">25-500MWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">/年,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2007</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">25-1000MWp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">/年。生产规模与成本降低的关系体现在学习曲线率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">LR(LearningCurveRate</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,即生产规模扩大</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">倍,生产成本降低的百分比</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">上。对于太阳电池来说,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">30</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年统计的结果,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">LR</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">%</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">含技术进步在内</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,是所有可再生能源发电技术中最大的,是现代集约代经济的最佳体现者之一。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(4)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">光伏组件成本和发电大幅度降低</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">光伏组件成本</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">30</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年来降低了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">个多数量级。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2003</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年世界重要厂商的成本为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2-2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">美元/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Wp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,售价.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">5-3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">美元/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Wp</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2004</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年以后因材料紧缺价格有所回升。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2006</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年世界发电成本的实际平均成本为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">25US$</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Kwh</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,由于技术和产业发展,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">2010</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年下降到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">14US$</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Kwh</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(作者系中国太阳能学会副理事长,中国太阳能学会光伏专业委员会主任,国际可再生能源委员会常务理事)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"> </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: right" align=right><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">责任编辑:黄承根</SPAN></P>
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