刘子光 发表于 2019-7-6 23:04:59

求索启迪创新——学习马克思、恩格斯税收思想的体会

<span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩格斯的税收思想是马克思主义经济</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;"> </span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">思想的有机组成部分</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是社会主义税收理论的基石</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">他们关于税收的理论和主张散见于大量的论着和书</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">信中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">今天</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">我们系统地整理</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">研究和阐明这些理论</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">和主张</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">对繁荣当代税收理论</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">指导社会主义经济体</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">制改革和税制改革及加入</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">WTO</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">后的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国际接轨</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">等</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">方面</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">都是有意义的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">本文试从以下诸方面谈学习马</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">克思</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩格斯税收思想的体会</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">一</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">关于税收是国家作用于经济基础的杠杆</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思曾经指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资产阶级把税收看成是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">与财</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">产</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">家庭</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">秩序和宗教相并列的第五位天神</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">可见税</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">收在国家的政治生活中起着非常大的作用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是国家</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">作用于经济基础的杠杆</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">首先</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">表现在税收是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">扼杀君主专制的一条金锁</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">链</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">它在消灭封建的生产关系</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">加速资本的原始积</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">累</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">建立和巩固资本主义生产方式方面起了重要作</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在资产阶级发达的国家中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">赋税增</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">加的好处的一面在于</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">小农和小私有者</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">手工业者</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">等</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">会因此而纷纷破产</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">并被抛人工人阶级的队伍</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">每出现一种新税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">无产阶级的处境就更恶化一些</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">取消任何一种旧税都不会提高工资</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">而只会增加利</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">润</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在《共产党宣言》中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩还科学地预见到税收</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">杠杆可促进社会主义生产关系的建立和巩固</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">其次</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">表现在税收对经济的干预作用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国家利用</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税收杠杆来调节生产和流通</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">影响分配和消费</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">思在评述重农学派的税收观点时</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">就把税收与国家</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">工业干涉联系在一起</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">他说</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因为地租被认为是唯</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">一</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的剩余价值</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">并且根据这一点</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">一切赋税都落到地</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">租身上</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">所以对其他形式的收入课税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">只不过是对土</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">地所有权采取间接的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因而在经济上有害的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">妨碍生</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">济</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">;</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">?</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">工作研究</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">?</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">产的课税办法</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">结果</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">赋税的负</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">担</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">从而国家的各种干涉</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">都落不</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">到工业身上</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">工业也就摆脱了国</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">家的任何干涉</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">事实上</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国家课</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税的对象并不限于地租</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税收的</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">干预不只作用于农业</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">也作用于</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">工业</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">商业等</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思说</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">权力也</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">统治着财产</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这就是说</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">财产的手</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">中并没有政治权力</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">甚至政治权</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">力还通过如任意征税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">没收特权</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">官僚制度加于工商业的干扰等办</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">法来捉弄财产</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思在《路易</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">?</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">波拿巴的雾月十八日》一书中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">分析了拿破仑时代和</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">路易</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">?</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">波拿巴时代赋税的不同作用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">拿破仑</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的赋税曾是刺激农民发展副业的手段</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">而现在赋税</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">却使这些副业失去最后的资源</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">失去抵御贫困化的</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">最后的可能性</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">可见税收对生产的作用可分为积极</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的和消极的两种</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">积极的作用即促进生产的发展</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">消</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">极的作用就是阻碍甚至破坏生产的发展</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">此外</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国家</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">还通过税种的设立</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税率的高低来鼓励或限制消</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">费</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">消费税只是随着资产阶级的确立才得到了充分</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的发展</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.……</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在它手中消费税是对那些只知消费的</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">封建贵族们的轻浮</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">逸乐和挥霍的财富进行剥削的</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">一</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">种手段</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这种</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">剥削</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的结果</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">也就在一定程度上</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">调节了分配关系</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因此</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税收作为分配关系</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是国家</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">用来调节社会各阶层对国民收入占有份额的比例的</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">重要杠杆</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">二</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">关于对外开放与国际交往</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">面对重新抬头的贸易保护主义倾向和我国</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">x,J-~’t-</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">开放即将加入</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">WTO</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的局面</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">正确地领会马</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩关于</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">保护关税思想是很有必要的</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">剥削阶级国家的保护关税制度同其</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">他税收制度一样</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是资产阶级取得财政收入</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">剥削劳</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">动大众的手段</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在其本质上不会触及资本主义生产</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">关系的根基</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">但同时又指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在一些条件下实行保护</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">关税制度有利于本国经济的发展</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">而在另一些情况</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">下</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">则可能成为经济发展的桎梏</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">比如</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在资产阶级还未取得统治地位</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">生产力还</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">十分落后时期的德国</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">建立一套保护关税制度</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">很有</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">必要</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">很有积极意义</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">对经济有促进作用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩格斯在</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1847</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">年写的《德国的制宪问题》一文中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">十分强测建</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">立一套保护关税制度</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">当时德田的生产力还处</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">■</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">?</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">工作研究</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">?</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在工场手工业时期</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">要在德国建立起工业体系</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">要形</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">成资产阶级统治的物质基础</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">就需要把一切工业部</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">门紧密地联系起来</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">就需要有依赖于内地工业的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">商</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">业繁荣的沿海城市</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.……</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">可是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在只有英国人不怕任</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">何竞争的今天</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">要建立这样一个工业体系就需要有</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">一</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">套完善的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">适用于一切受外国竞争威胁的部门</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">而</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">且经常随着工业状况而改变自己形式的保护关税制</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">度</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">保护关税制度不仅有益于还在继续同封建制度</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">作斗争的尚未充分发展的资本家阶级</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">而且有益于</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">新兴的资本家阶级</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">例如十九世纪七十年代的美</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">当时</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">美国正处在推广工业成为全国需要这样一</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">个发展阶段上</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在发明节约劳动力的机器方面</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">走在</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">前列的已不再是英国</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">而是美国</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">美国具有精力上最</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">旺盛的人民</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">有丰富的自然资源</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">煤</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">铁和其他金属</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的蕴藏量都很大</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩格斯指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这样的国家</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">经过二</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">十年左右短时期的保护关税政策</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">就能使它的工业</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马上达到任何一个竞争者水平</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">那么能否设想它会</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">让自己年轻的正在成长的工业去同早就建立的英国</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">工业进行长期的持久的竞争呢</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">?”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">当然不能</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">综上所述</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">我们可以看出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">保护关税政策的实</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">行</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">归根到底是因为世界各国经济发展不平衡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">经济</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">上相对落后的国家在国际市场上没有竞争能力</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">为</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">了不使本国沦为先进国家的农业附庸</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">为了有利于</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">独立自主地迅速发展本国经济</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">提高竞争能力而采</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">取的措施</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在这个条件下</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">也只有在这个条件下</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">保</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">护关税政策才有积极作用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩还明确指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">当本国经济已经发展起来</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">具有国际竞争能力的时候</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">保护关税会成为本国经</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">济发展的桎梏</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩格斯在他的晚年对此作了很多论</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">述</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">并以当时已经发展了的美国</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">德国的情况为例</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">予以有力论证</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩格斯在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1892</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">11</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">月写的《美国总</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">统选举》一文中指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”……</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">美国在内战后所实行的</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">保护关税制证明美国人力图摆脱这种垄断的束缚</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">依靠着丰富的自然资源和美利坚民族所具有的智慧</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的精神</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这个目的现在已经达到了</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因而在美国</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">保</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">护关税已成了工业的桎梏</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩格斯在另一篇文章中</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">写到</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在德国</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">如同在美国一样</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">保护关税制度目前</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">只是一种障碍</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因为它使这些国家在市场上不能占</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">有她们应得地位</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因此</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">它在美国必将很快废止</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">德</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国也将照样行动</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这就是说</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">保护关税制度对于任</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">何一个有希望获得成功而力求在世界市场上取得独</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">■</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">福建财会</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">/2000/06</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">立地位的国家都会变成不能忍受的镣铐</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">保护关税制度不过是为了在某个</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国家建立大工业的手段</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">也就是使这个国家依赖于</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">世界市场</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">但自从对世界市场有了依赖性以来</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">对自</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">由贸易也就有了或多或少的依赖性</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">我们应当这样</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">看待保护关税问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">即保护关税应当以促进本国经</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">济进入市场和促进自由贸易为根本目的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">那种把保</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">护关税制度与保护落后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">脱离世界市场</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">逃避竞争</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">闭关锁国等同起来的观点不是马克思主义的观点</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">三</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">关于税收体系的设置</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资本主义国家税制经历了废除直接税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">实行间</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">接税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恢复直接税并以之为主体的发展过程</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">生前没有看到这个发展过程的结局</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">但对资本主义</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税制的历史发展过程和发展趋势作了许多精辟的评</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">述</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在封建社会这个历史发展阶段</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">商品经济还不</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">十分发达</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国家为了确保财政需要就必然以征收人</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">丁税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">土地税等直接税为主</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思说过</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">直接税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">…</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">…</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是以土地私有制为基础的那个社会制度的时代产</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">物</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在商品经济发展到一定阶段</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">特别是资本主义</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">工商业兴起以后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">直接税的课征就成为经济发展的</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">障碍</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">所以资产阶级在夺取政权以后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">为了财政需要</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">也为了便利资本主义工商业的发展</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">就取消了对工</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">商业户课征的原始的直接税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">代之以对消费品课征</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的消费税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这是资本主义税制发展的第一阶段</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">可</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">见</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">消费税完全</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是随着资产阶级统治的确立才得到</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">了充分的发展</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">但是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">随着资本主义的发展</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">间接税</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的积极作用不断削弱</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">间接税日益成为对广大人民</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">群众实行财政剥削的手段</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">也因此同资产阶级的利</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">益日益发生冲突</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">后来</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">城市实行了间接税制度</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">可</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是久而久之</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">由于现代分工</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">由于大工业生产</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">由于</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国内贸易直接依赖于对外贸易和世界市场</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">间接税</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">制度就同社会消费发生了双重的冲突</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在国境上</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">种制度体现为保护关税政策</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">它破坏或阻碍同其他</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国家进行自由交换</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在国内</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这种制度就象国家干涉</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">生产一样</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">破坏各种商品价值的对比关系</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">损害自由</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">竞争和交换</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">加上间接税的税负转嫁比较容易</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">往</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">往加重劳动群众的负担</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">基于上述原因</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思强烈</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">主张恢复对财产和所得课征的直接税以代替间接</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思于</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1866</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">年写的《临时中央委员会就若干</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">问题给代表的指示》中就指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">如果需要在两种征</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税制度间进行选择</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">则建议完全废除间接税而普遍</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">福建财会</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">/2000/06</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">代之以直接税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">但是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">实行对所得和财产等的课税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在当时并不符合资产阶级利益</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">为了削弱土地</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">私有者的利益</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这些税不如消费商品税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">后者有效而</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">易行</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">为了进一步剥削劳动人民</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在当时条件下这些</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税也是事倍功半</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">由于劳动人民收入极低</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">反对很坚</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">决</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">勉强实行</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">并不利于资产阶级的统治</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">而对资产</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">阶级本身的所得和财产进行课征</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是直接违背资产</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">阶级统治利益的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">此外</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">从亚当</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">?</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">斯密《国富论》</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(1776</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的年代起</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">直到本世纪三十年代世界经济</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">大危机上</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在这长达一个半多世纪的时期内</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">除了战</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">争年代以外</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资本主义国家都是实行自由放任的经</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">济政策</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">理财方针始终贯彻着</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">健全财政原则</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">力求</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">收支平衡和节约开支</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这说明</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">实行直接税为主体的</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税制结构既不可能也没有必要</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在资本主义从自由竞争阶段发展为垄断阶段</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">特别是三十年代世界性大危机和第二次世界大战以</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">主要资本主义国家都加强了政府对经济的干预</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">财政收支规模不断扩大</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国家对经济的干预</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">要求实</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">行以所得税为主体的税制</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">以起到</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">自动稳定器</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">作用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">财政需要的日益增加需要对全民普遍课税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">而</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资本主义国家经济的高度发展</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">劳动人民收入的相</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">对提高</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">已经具有普遍征收所得税的可能性</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">实际</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">上</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">高度累进的个人所得税制度和社会保险税广泛</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">征收</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">一定程度上缩小了国民收入分配上极为悬殊</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的差距</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">多少有助于缓和各阶层与各阶级之间的矛</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">盾</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">为资本主义再生产过程的正常进行创造必要的</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">内部和外部条件</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税收强化了其</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在一些次要方面改</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">变以资产阶级生产为基础的分配关系</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">就其总体</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">看</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">符合资产阶级利益</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这些原因一起发生作用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">使</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">大多数资本主义国家的税收制度从以间接税为主体</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">过渡到以直接税为主体</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思没有看到这个历史</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">发展的结局但已经预见到这个结局</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思的论述和资本主义国家税制结构的发展</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">过程</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">对我们探索适合我国国情的税收体制结构是</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">有启发的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">其基本点是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">第一</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">要从有利于促进生产</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">力发展角度去选择税收体制结构</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">第二</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">要根据包括</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国情在内的历史条件</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">去把握税制的发展方向</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">即要</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">有</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">中国特色</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">第三</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">要与国际惯例接轨</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">四</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">关于对资本主义税收制度的借鉴</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在资本主义税制发展过程中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">无论采取什么样</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的税制</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">无论推行什么样的税收政策</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">也无论是否在</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">某些时候暂时减轻劳动人民的负担</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">过重的税收都</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">?</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">工作研究</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">?</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是一个原则</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思在谈到国债与税收关系时曾经</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">由于国债是依靠国家收入来支付年利息等等</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">开支</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">所以现代税收制度就成为国债制度的必要补</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">充</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">借债使政府可以抵补额外的开支</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">而纳税人又不</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">会立即感到负担</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">但借债最终还是要求提高税收</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">另</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">一</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">方面</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">由于债务的不断增加而引起的增税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">又使政</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">府在遇到新的额外开支时</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">总是要借新债</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因此</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">以</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">必要的生活资料的课税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因而也是以它们的昂贵</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">为</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">轴心的现代财政制度</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">本身就包含着税收自行增加</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的萌芽</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">过重的课税并不是一件偶然的事情</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">倒不如</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">说是一个原则</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资产阶级国家财政也存在着需要与</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">可能的矛盾</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">财政支出有不断增长的趋势</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资产阶级</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在财政困难</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">人不敷出时</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">总是动用各种手段来增加</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">财政收入</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">除了直接增税外</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">通常的办法是借债</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">本主义债券有时是自由认购</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">有时则是强制认购</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">强制公债无非是一种特殊形式的所得税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">十九世</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">纪很多国家都存在预征税收的现象</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">意大利</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">奥地</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">利</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">法国等国家都有</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">有的国家预征年限长达</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">年</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">之久</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资本主义经济史里记载了多次税制改革</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资产</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">阶级企图通过税制改革</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">平等地分摊捐税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">来缓和阶</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">级矛盾</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">对资产阶级税制改革的虚伪性和实质</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">思作了深刻揭露</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税制改革是一切激进资产</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">者的拿手好戏</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是一切资产阶级经济改革的特殊要</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">素</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">从第一批中世纪的城市小资产者起至当代的英</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国自由贸易论者止</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">全部斗争都是围绕着捐税进行</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">捐税改革的目的不是废除影响工业发展的旧传</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">统税和缩减国家机关的开支</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">就是更平等地分摊捐</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资产者愈顽强地追求平等分摊捐税的幻想</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">实际</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">上这种幻想就愈不能实现</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">减低捐税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">更公平地分</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">配捐税等等</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这是庸俗无益的资产阶级改革</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">第一</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">捐税最多只能在一些次要方面改变直接以资</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">产阶级生产为基础的分配关系</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">如工资和利润的关</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">系</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">利润和利息的关系</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">地租和利润的关系</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">但是它</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">丝毫动摇不了这些关系的基础</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">甚至取消捐税也只</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">能加速资产阶级所有制及其内部矛盾的发展</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">思风趣地说</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">废除捐税</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这是资产阶级的社会主</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">义</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">第二</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">税制改革可能从表面上或者临时减轻人</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">民大众的税负</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">但资产阶级最终会通过各种途径把</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">法律上由他们负担的税负转嫁给人民大众</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">说</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”……</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在我们目前的这种企业主和雇佣工人的社</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">会制度下</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资产阶级在碰到加税的时候</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">总是用降低</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">■</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">公益性项目投资即公益性产品如</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">文化</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">卫生</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">教育</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">科研</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">党政机关</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">政法</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">和社会团体等党政和事业的固定资产</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的基本建设投资</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是政府投资的一个重</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">要组成部分</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这种投资虽然不能直接带</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">来微观上的财务效益</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">但通过正确途径</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">可以间接地产生微观财务效益</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">其关键</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">取决于投资的具体实现途径</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这一点</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">正是我国公益性投资领域要改革之</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">处</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">一</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">我国现行的公益性项目投资弊</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">端</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">我国现有的公益性项目投资方式</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">主要是采用传统计划经济体制下的公</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">益产品投资方式</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">即由使用单位根据需</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">要向政府部门提出申请要求</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">提交项目</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">建议书以及可行性研究报告</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">政府主管</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">部门根据财政情况和年度投资规模计</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">划进行审批</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">再由财政部门核拔建设资</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">金到项目使用单位</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">由使用单位组织人</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">员承担投资项目的具体实施任务</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这种投资方式出现很多弊端</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">具体</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">表现在下列方面</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">投资主体缺位</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">现行的投资方式</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">政府作为投资主体严重缺位</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">因为</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">投资项目的实际控制权掌握在使用单</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">位中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">政府只是名义上的投资主体</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">其</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">任务只是对众多的投资项目申请书进</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">行审批</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">不能对项目的具体实施进行控</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">制</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">双重预算软约束</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">首先</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">预算计</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">划软约束</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">由于项目使用单位的资金来</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">源于财政</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">其使用是无偿的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">项目使用</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">单位出现强烈的投资需求欲望</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">形成行</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">政</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">事业各部门争项目</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">争资金的局面</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这样政府主管部门</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">计划</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">财政等</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">只有</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">增加投资计划和财政投资资金</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">扩大公</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">益性项目年度投资规模</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">其次</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">项目实</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">施软约束</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">项目的具体实施过程由使用</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">单位组织实施</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在此过程中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">主管部门</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">不能进行动态</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">全程的管理</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">使用单位</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">可以根据其需要不顾财政资金供给情</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">况</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在没有得到政府主管部门批准的条</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">件下</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">增加投资内容</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">扩大投资规模</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">提</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">高建设标准</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这样</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">生米煮成熟饭</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">计</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">划主管部门只有被迫增加资金</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">扩大公</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">益性项目的在建投资规模</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">内部人控制</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">现象严重因为项</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">目使用单位掌握了项目建设的实际控</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">制权</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在其组织实施的过程中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">没有市</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">场规则</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">行业规范和职业道德的约束</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在工程招标</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">设备材料采购</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">工程设计</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">等环节不按国家标准和政策规定执行</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">建筑承包商的寻租现象严重</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">建筑承包</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">商通过寻租取得项目建设施工权</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">不仅</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">浪费了财政资源</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">更为严重的是计划投</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资资金中的一部分变为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">权力租金</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">和</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">建筑承包商的超额利润</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">实际投入的计</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">划投资建设资金大打折扣</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">为计划设计</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的项目工程的质量埋下隐患</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">投资运作效率低下</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">由于使用单</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">位不是专业化的建设管理机构</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">技术资</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">源</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">市场价格信息资源和人力资源有</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">限</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">基建班子具有临时性</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在投资管理</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">经验和技术力量上难以达到正常要</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">求</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">出现投资运作效率低下</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">建设工期</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">工资或提高价格的办法来求得补偿的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">任何一次税</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">制改革都是骗人的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">资产阶级采取装门面的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毫无价</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">值的治标办法</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">拐弯抹角地做事</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">高喊什么</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">自由</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">平</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">等</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">博爱</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">但实质上每一次税制改革都必须有利于</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">大资产阶级</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">我们在批判资产阶级税制改革的同时</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">也应看到资产阶级税制改革的不少具体做法</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">是值</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">得我们的借鉴的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">列宁指出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马克思的经济学家</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">就是马克思理</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">论的最深刻</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">最全面</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">最详细的证明和运用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">散见在</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">马</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩大量着作中的论述</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">从几个方面科学地阐明了</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">■</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">国家税收的学说</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">这些论述虽主要针对资本主义税</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">收现象</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">但也揭示了一般社会化大生产条件下税收</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的重要规律</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">给我们建立</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">丰富和发展社会主义税收</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">理论以重大启迪</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">处在伟大变革时期的我们这一代</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">人</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">只有认真遵循马</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">恩的税收思想</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">总结我国多年</span><div><span style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">的税收实践</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">才能建立起我国科</span><p></p>
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