让乡土人才振兴乡村经济的实践与探索——以剑河县为例
<p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 0em; widows: 1; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">让乡土人才振兴乡村经济的实践与探索</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 0em; widows: 1; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">——以剑河县为例</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 0em; widows: 1; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">刘忠培</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">剑河县把乡土人才的挖掘、培养、使用作为推进乡村振兴的一项重要工作抓紧抓实。通过建立制度、强化培养、推动创业，有效地激发了乡土人才创业致富的热情。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一、基本情况</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">剑河县辖13个乡镇（街道），总人口<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">27.58</span>万人（<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2016</span>年统计），农技推广人员、种养能手、能工巧匠等方面建档入库的乡土人才<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">517</span>人，占总人口的<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">0.19%</span>。其中，革东镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">21</span>人，岑松镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">53</span>人，柳川镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">35</span>人，南明镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">42</span>人，南加镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">67</span>人，磻溪镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">16</span>人，太拥镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">53</span>人，南哨镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">58</span>人，久仰镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">76</span>人，南寨镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">33</span>人，观么镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">11</span>人，敏洞乡<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">29</span>人，仰阿莎街道<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">23</span>人。其中，中00员<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">261</span>人，占乡土人才总数的<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">50%</span>。年龄比例合理，<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">30</span>岁以下<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">24</span>人，占乡土人才总数的<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4.6%</span>；<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">31</span>至<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">40</span>岁<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">147</span>人，占乡土人才总数的<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">28.4%</span>；<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">41</span>至<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">50</span>岁<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">230</span>人，占乡土人才总数的<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">44.48%</span>；<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">51</span>岁以上<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">116</span>人，占乡土人才总数的<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">22.43%</span>。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">二、主要做法</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">(一<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">)</span>建立乡土人才的评选机制，打破界限、层层筛选，分门别类、信息入库。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一是层层筛选。剑河县把乡土人才的选拔作为乡土人才开发的基础性工作来抓，把如何科学甄别人才、合理筛选人才作为选拔工作的核心内容。全县的乡土人才中绝大部分没有学历、职称和干部身份，为此，坚持从实际出发，注重实绩的原则，采取村、乡、县三级层层选拔推荐，县、乡各级政府人事部门或人才服务机构进行审批的办法进行科学甄别。二是分门别类。通过筛选，人员确定后，根据不同类别不同行业登记造册，主要分为三大类（能工巧匠、种植、养殖），<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">9</span>个支类（饮食、刺绣、锡绣、银艺、中药种植、食用菌种植、香猪养殖、豪猪养殖、竹鼠养殖、小香鸡养殖）。三是信息入库。分门别类之后，利用现代化的办公手段，将其存入信息库。建立县、乡、村三级乡土人才库，把<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">517</span>名懂经济、有专长、会经营的各种能人分门别类登记造册，建立乡土人才信息库。其中包括<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">:</span>能工巧匠信息库（剑河酸汤鱼厨师、剑河苗族锡绣绣娘、剑河苗族红绣绣娘、剑河苗族古歌歌师、剑河苗族银匠等）、种植人才信息库（食用菌种植、钩藤种植、天麻种植等人才）、养殖人才信息库（香猪养殖、豪猪养殖、竹鼠养殖、小香鸡养殖等人才）、经营管理人才信息库（农村专业合作社、村级集体公司、十户一体等管理人才）<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4</span>大信息库。剑河县南明镇通过发挥<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">42</span>名乡土人才的作用，形成了一村一品、种养加销售一条龙的高效农业格局，人均收人提高了<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2000</span>多元，提升了脱贫攻坚成效。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">(二<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">)</span>健全乡土人才的管理机制，建立组织、动态考核，示范带动、传帮结合。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一是建立组织。结合农村发展的实际需要，建立以乡土人才为骨干的农村专业技术协会之类的群众性组织。目前，在县民政局注册并在县科协备案的协会有<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">7</span>个，包括观么镇观么村果蔬协会（会员<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">130</span>人）、满天星生态养殖协会（会员<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">65</span>人）、久仪中草药种植协会（会员<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">103</span>人）、观么镇白胆村养羊协会（会员<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">137</span>人）、南明镇箭猪养殖协会（会员<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">121</span>人）、县林下生态养殖协会（会员<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">172</span>人）、化敖种养殖协会（会员<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">108</span>人）。通过建组织协会既有利于对乡土人才的管理与服务，又有利于乡土人才示范作用的充分发挥。二是动态考核。以乡、村或专业协会为单位，坚持平时动态考核与年度考核相结合的方式，及时记录乡土人才在科技致富、技术扶贫等方面的工作情况，作为项目倾斜的评价依据。如，满天星生态养殖协会有养鱼基地<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1</span>个（满天星库叉拦网生态养殖基地）水域面积达<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1000</span>余亩，现有共投资<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">280</span>万元，放养有鲤鱼<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">8</span>万多尾、鲢鱼将近<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">100</span>万尾、桂鱼<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4</span>万多尾、鲶鱼<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1</span>万尾、角角鱼<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2</span>万多尾、鲈鱼<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1</span>万尾（试养）等<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">9</span>种鱼类，年产值近<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">450</span>万元。通过考核，多年获得科普惠农兴村计划项目，总计<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">20</span>万元。三是传帮结合。把乡土人才培养成党员；把党员乡土人才培养成村干部；把村干部培养成致富能人。通过开展“三培养”活动，建设一支扎根农村、贴近农民、服务农业，能够带领农民致富奔小康的新农村建设带头人队伍。同时，县、乡两级人才服务机构及时总结优秀乡土人才的致富经验，通过广播、电视等媒介广泛宣传，发挥他们在乡村振兴中的辐射作用。如，观么镇白胆村养羊协会共培育科技示范户<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">110</span>户，带动农户<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">620</span>户，辐射<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3</span>个县<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">17</span>个乡<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">195</span>个村。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">(三<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">)</span>建立乡土人才的培训机制，因地制宜、学以致用，灵活多样、层次分明。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一是培训他人与自我培训相结合。根据发展的需要，组织乡土人才开办农民实用技术培训班，让乡土人才培训缺乏技术的普通村民<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">;</span>在乡土人才协会内部不定期举办专业技术讲座，让优秀乡土人才培训普通乡土人才。如，今年剑河县举办了六期“乡土人才之锦绣计划”培训，来自全县的苗、侗等少数民族绣娘在刺绣传承人的指导下，学习苗族锡绣、苗族红绣、侗族刺绣及旅游商品设计等手工技能。目前，已帮助<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">350</span>余名农村妇女实现在“家门口”创业或就业。二是请进来与走出去相结合。组织农业技术专家深入农业生产一线对乡土人才和广大农民进行生产指导和技术培训。<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2017</span>年省人才工作领导小组、省农委、省科技厅派驻剑河服务“三农行动”的科级副职<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3</span>名，来自省州农业和科技部门及高校的科技特派员<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">7</span>名。下步打算每年选拔一定数量的优秀乡土人才进入农业院校进行系统培训或学历教育，提高他们的理论水平，以便更好地指导生产实践。三是委托培训与自学成才相结合。在中央财办的协调和帮助下，计划在今年完成对全县<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">13</span>个乡镇（街道）<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">517</span>名乡土人才进行培训。下步打算每年选拔一定数量的优秀农村初高中毕业生进人农业院校进行深造，毕业后回农业生产一线工作</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">(四<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">)</span>建立乡土人才的激励机制，注重实绩、打破常规，政策引导、待遇保障。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一是从实际出发科学评定职称。把传统人事管理激励机制中的职称评定延伸到乡土人才开发工作中，评定的标准与待遇根据自身的特点制定。凡是有一技之长的种植、养殖、经营、管理能手和传承人，可以申报相应的乡土人才专业技术职称，评定标准不看学历与资历，即重点考察乡土人才在农村发进程中实现经济效益情况。重点考察其带领农民致富的示范作用发挥情况。把乡土人才的专业技术职称分为初级、中级和高级三大类，根据不同职称享受不同的待遇。<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2015</span>年，黔东南州人事劳动局给剑河县<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5</span>名乡土人才评定职称，其中姜文英被评为苗族剪纸高级工艺师，龙女三九被评为苗绣高级工艺师，邰引岩被评为银饰高级工艺师，杨妹岩被评为苗绣中级工艺师，刘礼洪被评为苗族飞哥高级歌师。二是把乡土人才纳入人才服务机构的评价体系。对其技术、能力等方面进行测评和确定相应价位的参考值，在一定区域或专业范围内授予讲学、传授技术的权利<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">(</span>或资格<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">)</span>，使其充分发挥效能，获得报酬，以实现技术与价值的统一。国家给国家级非遗传承人姜文英、龙女三九、邰引岩、杨妹岩每人每年补助<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">20000</span>元，给省级非遗传承人杨开员、王亨石、张晓梅、刘礼洪每人每年补助<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5000</span>元，给杨丽、罗发富、龙启花等<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">10</span>名州级非遗传承人每人每年补助<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5000</span>元。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">三、经验启示</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（一）提高思想认识，是让乡土人才“振兴乡土”的重要前提。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">乡土人才作为人才队伍的重要组成部分<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>对于实施乡村振兴战略<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>振兴农业经济<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>推动脱贫攻坚进程<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>意义重大而深远。当前<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>剑河县存在不少基层农技推广人员、种养能手、能工巧匠等方面的“土专家”“田秀才”<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>在市场经济大潮中崭露头角<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>他们长年奔波在田间地头<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>在农业生产第一线摸爬滚打<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>带领当地农民致富奔小康<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>是推动农村经济社会协调发展的实用人才。剑河县把乡土人才的挖掘、培养、使用提高到事关乡村振兴成败的高度上来认识。认真分析全县乡土人才队伍整体状况，积极探索乡土人才的有效开发管理机制<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>逐步开发建成一支适应实施乡村振兴战略的农村乡土人才队伍，千方百计让乡土人才“振兴乡土”。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（二）加强教育培训，是为乡土人才“增色添香”的有效途径。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">乡土人才大多来自生产一线，实践经验丰富，但理论水平普遍不高、技能提升空间不足，在推动经济发展中作用发挥受限、示范带动乏力。剑河县将乡土人才培训纳入整体人才培育长期规划，着眼地域主导产业转型升级需求和自身资源禀赋，建立乡土人才动态管理数据库，全面建档立卡。整合线上线下多种资源，运用远程教育平台、农业技术推广体系等渠道，针对不同群体实施多元型、差异化、订单式培训，“点对点”指导、“面对面”帮扶，全面提升乡土人才科学素质、职业技能和创新能力，打通乡土人才成长“快车道”，构建“提升一批、开发一批、储备一批”的梯次结构。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（三）优化发展环境，是使乡土人才“深巷生香”的有力保障。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">统筹乡土人才和外来人才、本土培养和对外引进的关系，大力推动政策体制创新，不断优化乡土人才发展政策、服务和社会环境，才能充分激发乡土人才创新创造活力。剑河县创新扶持激励机制，为乡土人才创新创业提供信贷支持、金融服务、审批许可等政策优惠。注重从生产能手、能工巧匠、民间艺人中发现优秀乡土人才，按一定比例评选表彰，让他们政治上有荣誉、经济上受奖励、社会上有地位。建立乡土人才评价认定机制，探索分类实施乡土人才职称评审。成立乡土人才服务机构，延伸服务链条和路径，催生“培育一个人才、带来一个团队、兴起一个产业”的链式反应。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（四）鼓励发挥作用，是让乡土人才“香誉四方”的关键所在。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">优秀人才的作用不只在创新创造，还在示范引领和辐射带动。剑河县积极搭建服务基层、创业创新等活动平台，鼓励引导优秀乡土人才充分利用技术、管理、信息等方面特长优势，依托地域特色产业，领办行业协会和农业合作社，抱团发挥作用，开辟群众增收致富的“绿色通道”。大力实施“传帮带”工程，组织乡土人才与青年技术人员及贫困户“结对子”，加快后备人才培养，带动农民群众实用技能提升。组织优秀乡土人才服务基层，推行“乡土人才<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">+</span>基地<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">+</span>农户”等服务模式，扩大“影响一片、带动一群、造福一乡”的集群发展效应，真正让乡土人才特色品牌“响”起来。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">四、难点分析</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（一）思想认识不足,影响农村乡土人才的开发利用。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在剑河<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>这一问题依然存在。地方政府很重视人才的引进和专业技术人员的培育和利用<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>对农村乡土人才的开发利用也很重视，但是认识还有待提高<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>乡土人才评选机制还需要进一步完善，激励力度还需进一步加强。如果没有主动的、有目的地对农村乡土人才进行培养<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>势必造成人才资源的浪费，为此，培训力度还要进一步加强。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（二）乡土人才多但高端人才少,没有形成人才优势。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">目前剑河乡土人才少之又少<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>一个村或一个镇<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>得到群众公认的乡土人才仅有几个或十几个。全县总人口<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">27.58</span>万人（<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2016</span>年统计），农技推广人员、种养能手、能工巧匠等方面建档入库的乡土人才<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">517</span>人，占总人口的<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">0.19%</span>。乡土人才严重不足<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>直接影响农业科技的推广<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>影响农业产业化进程和农村社会经济的发展。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（三）乡土人才队伍结构不合理,呈“倒金字塔”分布。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在剑河<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>越往基层<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>农业技术人员越少<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>发挥作用的人员更少<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">;</span>从专业分布上看<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>从事种养业人才较多<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>而从事农产品精加工及农产品流通的人才少<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">;</span>有一技之长的人才相对较多<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>复合型人才相对较少<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>特别是创业型人才严重匮乏。他们普遍缺乏理论知识、市场经济知识、法律知识。此外<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>乡土人才中懂经营、会管理、对外善交际的人才少。导致农产品的加工、贸易跟不上<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>农业生产附加值低<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>影响与大市场的融合。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（三）乡村人才流失严重,人才队伍长期得不到发展。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一方面有的乡土人才致富后转岗<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>转到城镇发展其他产业<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>有的乡土人才舍家弃业<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>到发达地区“淘金”。另一方面<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>由于农业效益不高<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>青壮年农民或学有所长的复员退伍军人大都不愿在农村创业<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>不愿学农<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>更不愿务农，纷纷外流<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>留守的多是老人和小孩。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">五、对策建议</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（一）提高意识，科学评选学科带头人以及拔尖人才。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一要进一步把乡土人才的挖掘、培养、使用提高到事关乡村振兴成败的高度上来认识。允许对获得高级职称并为农村经济发展作出突出贡献的人员跨区域进行流动，弥补和充实到“正规军”中来，同时享受“正规军”的待遇。这样，既可以解决“正规军”的分布、结构方面存在的问题，实现人才资源最佳配置和发挥最大效能，同时也可以使乡土人才开发进入到良性发展的轨道。二要以协会联动为纽带<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>促进农村乡土人才中学科带头人以及拔尖人才的聚集、整合和评选。各级党委（党组）和有关部门要因势利导<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>推动农村各类协会的建立和发展<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>组建各种种植、养殖协会、研究会等<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>把当地乡土人才组织联络起来<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>支持、组织协会会员开展技术、信息交流<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>为农民开展实用技术讲座<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>提供生产技术指导和技术咨询服务<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>解决生产加工和经营中的实际问题<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>从而改变乡土人才的分散状态<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>发挥乡土人才的群体优势。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（二）营造惜才爱才的良好氛围，壮大乡土人才队伍。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一要对农村经济发展作出突出贡献的乡土人才,政府部门应给予精神和物质奖励。由各乡镇负责对乡土人才的年度考核<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>结合年度考核情况<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>每年进行一次“优秀乡土人才”评选活动<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>对评选出的“优秀乡土人才”由县财政给予表彰奖励<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>并优先获得农业开发项目、农业贷款、技术资料和生产物资等。二要认真做好农民职称的评定工作<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>必须让评上职称的乡土人才得到实惠<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>以县为单位<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>设立农村乡土人才职称补贴基金<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>按照乡土人才职称管理办法<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>发放不同等级的补贴。三要扩大乡土人才在政治上的影响力<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>增强经济上的发展力。通过电视、广播、报纸等新闻媒体广泛宣传有突出贡献的乡土人才<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>当地电视台可以专门开辟乡土人才栏目<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>进行系统的报道宣传<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>使他们真正感受到党和政府的关心、爱护和重视<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>为农村乡土人才的成长和发挥作用创造宽松的社会环境，不断壮大乡土人才队伍。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（三）加强教育培训，进一步优化乡土人才队伍结构。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一要依托党校培训优势,利用农闲时间对农村乡土人才进行多层、多形式的理论教育和科技知识培训。财政部门应做好专项预算<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>使得每年都有一笔固定的经费用于乡土人才的培训。组织优秀乡土人才送到发达地区进行考察、参观学习<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>或保送到相关院校学习深造，进一步提升他们的理论水平。二要定期举办各种现场培训班<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>请农业技术人员或有关专家亲临现场传经送宝<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>解决疑难问题。三要依托农业龙头企业、大型专合社、家庭农场以及特色种养产业基地，培育出一批在省内外有较高知名度的乡土人才，不断优化乡土人才队伍结构。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（四）搭建更多创业和就业平台，留住各种乡土人才。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一要引导和鼓励乡土人才带头参与示范和带动周边群众发展产业，依托现有资源，在部分示范点创设推行“乡土人才超市”和人才网格化服务，在提高能力、政策扶持、促进效能上入手，帮助乡土人才做大做强产业，促进农民致富，主导产业增效。二要以市场拉动为依托<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>为农村乡土人才开发打造基地。把农村人才市场建设列入政府规划<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>积极拓宽人才市场服务领域<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>完善服务功能<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>加快市场规范动作。建立乡镇人才工作站<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>形成上下贯通的工作网络<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>构造以县级人才市场为龙头<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>乡镇人才工作站为网络的农村人才市场运行框架<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>为农村乡土人才开发打造基地。三要以人才市场为纽带<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>坚持以服务为本<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>及时调配农村人才需求<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>为农业生产和农民提供各种人才、技术和信息等服务<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span>真正为乡村振兴提供强有力的人才支撑。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 25.6px; widows: 1; text-indent: 2em; text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">作者系剑河县委组织部干部</span></p><p></p>
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