如何不费力就能写出好稿？
<section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; border: 0px; clear: both; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> 为什么同样的新闻事实，在不同记者的笔下写出来的味道就不一样？为什么有的记者很费力却写不出好作品，而有的记者好像并不费力却写出了好的新闻作品？为什么有的记者提高到一定水平就难以再提高了，而有的记者却可以使自己的水平不断提升？</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> 这一切的原因可以归结为一句话：记者的素养不同。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> 记者都会新闻写作，但要实现再提高，就要加强基本素养。拿种花和施肥来比喻，花要越开越茂盛，主要靠底肥。而施底肥和底肥发挥作用，是一个慢功。所以，对于新闻写作来说，基础的东西是提高或增强记者的必要的素质。素质是逐步养成的。因而，提高素质的过程又称为素养，素质也可以称为素养。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> 新闻记者的基本素养，应该主要包括<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">理论素养、能力素养、道德素养、业务素养、知识素养</strong></span>这几个方面。</section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-right: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; width: 1.3em; height: 1.3em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87); line-height: 1.2; font-size: 21px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bolder; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-left: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: bottom;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 21px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(42, 52, 58);"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important;">理论素养</span></strong></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; border: 0px; clear: both; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> 记者不是理论家，但记者不能没理论。做好任何一项工作，最重要的是把握事物的规律，而理论（当然是正确的理论）则是事物规律的最简要的概括。没有理论的记者，在繁杂的事物面前，会感到如坠烟海，眼花缭乱，无所适从，更无从下手。有理论武装的记者，才能在繁杂的事物面前保持清醒的头脑和锐利的目光，甚至在昏暗的局面下，也能够对事物“洞若观火”。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important;">记者首先要懂哲学。有了哲学的素养，观察和分析事物的能力就会大大提升。</span>提高理论素养的办法就是学习、思考和运用。现代的中国已经是文化开放的中国，理论开放的中国。我们在坚持马克思主义指导思想的同时，也引进了西方的许多理论特别是经济学理论和企业管理理论。在“五四运动”中被批判的我国传统文化，现在已经重新被重视，并形成了所谓的“国学热”。在这种形势下，很重要的学习方法就是“融合式”的学习方法——善于把古今中外一切有用的理论有机地融合起来，创造新理论、新文化。我们需要的是这样的理论素养。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; border: 0px;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-right: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; width: 1.3em; height: 1.3em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87); line-height: 1.2; font-size: 21px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bolder; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">２</section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-left: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: bottom;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 21px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(42, 52, 58);"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">能力素养</strong></span></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; border: 0px; clear: both; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important;">一种是社会活动能力的素质。</span>斯大林给记者的社会定位是“社会活动家”。这个定位非常准，也非常好。一般人给记者的所谓“笔杆子”的定位是不准确的。相当一些笔头很硬但活动能力不行的记者，最终也没有能够成为很有影响的记者。因为缺乏广泛的社会交往能力，就不可能发现重要的新闻线索，新闻报道缺少丰富的源头，怎么会不断有好作品出现呢？</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important;">一种是发现问题和思考问题的能力。</span>一个好的记者总具有高度的敏感，善于发现新的问题，并且能够对这些问题不断地进行思考。衡量一个记者的水平有一个很简单的办法，就是看他的头脑里究竟装着多少问题，并对这些问题有多少自己的思考。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important;">一种是社会调查能力。</span>记者的另一个社会定位是“专业的调查研究人员”。没有过硬的社会调查能力，即使发现了好的新闻线索，也会因为深挖不下去，而白白浪费掉。</section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-right: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; width: 1.3em; height: 1.3em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87); line-height: 1.2; font-size: 21px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bolder; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">３</section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-left: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: bottom;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 21px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(42, 52, 58);"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">道德素养</strong></span></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; border: 0px; clear: both; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> 社会责任感是记者最重要的道德素养。只有时时处处想到自己责任的记者，才有可能发现有新闻价值的题材，才有动力把报道写好，才有可能成为好记者。笔者在1991年获得首届范长江新闻奖的时候，被要求写一条自己欣赏的格言。我写的是我自己的格言——“对一个人的最高奖赏就在他的事业之中”。<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important;">一个记者不是把名利作为最高追求，而是把事业作为最高追求，他才可能拥有持续发展的动力。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important;">诚信是记者道德素养的根基。</span>记者要交朋友，但没有诚信很难交朋友，更难有知心朋友。真实是新闻的生命。但新闻真实的基本保证是记者的诚信。如果记者缺少诚信，搞了假报道，编辑部往往是难以发现的。这是记者对读者和受众是否诚信的问题。也还有记者对采访对象诚信与否的问题。有的记者对采访对象做了好多允诺而不兑现，有的记者甚至利用自己的记者“特权”蒙骗甚至敲诈采访对象，那更是违背职业道德、损害诚信的行为了。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> 更重要的是，记者要认识到自己的采访权力是公众性的权力，为什么人家要接受你的采访，要把很多重要的信息告诉你？因为你代表着公众的需求，代表着你所在媒体的委托，甚至代表着媒体背后的主管单位。如果利用公众权力为自己谋不正当的利益，其实和政府官员以权谋私没有根本性质上的区别。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; border: 0px;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-right: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; width: 1.3em; height: 1.3em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87); line-height: 1.2; font-size: 21px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bolder; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">４</section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-left: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: bottom;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 21px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(42, 52, 58);"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">业务素养</strong></span></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; border: 0px; clear: both; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> 主要是指新闻业务的素养。要善于学习，更要注意在实践中不断总结经验。要学习和研究新闻学知识。包括新闻学的基础理论知识和应用理论知识。在工作中能够做到知其然，更知其所以然。在过去很长时间内，“新闻无学”成为一种普遍的认识，不仅新闻界以外的人这样认识，包括新闻界内的人，也有许多人是这样认识的。近年来这样的论调似乎比较少了，但是新闻界的人对新闻理论不重视仍然是需要克服的倾向。记者确实是实践性比较强的工作，不是学点理论就可以做好的。但是，有理论指导和没有理论指导还是大不相同的。</section><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; border: 0px;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-right: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; width: 1.3em; height: 1.3em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87); line-height: 1.2; font-size: 21px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bolder; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">５</section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin-left: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: bottom;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 21px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(42, 52, 58);"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">知识素养</strong></span></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; border: 0px; clear: both; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> 有人说，记者应该是“杂家”，这话是很有道理的。记者的知识应该是广博的，越广博越好。上知天文，下知地理，政治、经济、科技、历史、文化、文学、艺术，还有许多地方知识、地方风俗、民间工艺、民族习惯，再加上著名人物（历史和当今）的业绩和典故，等等。这些知识仿佛是一个庞大的知识后备军，平时它很难说有什么具体的用处，但一旦用得着，马上可以调出来，派上差事。在当今，世界各国之间的联系越来越紧密。记者还必须知道许多国外的各种知识。对于知识的态度，应该是“韩信领兵，多多益善”。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> 总之，新闻写作的基础是记者的基本素养。有人说，写诗是“功夫在诗外”。其实新闻写作也是“功夫在诗外”——在具体写作之外。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（作者系经济日报社原总编辑艾丰</strong><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> <strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">原载于《新闻与写作》</strong></span><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">）</strong></section></section><p></p>
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