四中全会你必须读懂的十大“新词”
<p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 十八届四中全会通过的关于依法治国的决定（下称《决定》）10月<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;">28</span>日正式对外公布，《决定》中出现了多个以前在党代会或中央全会文件中没有出现过的新词汇。从这些“新词”中，不仅能够读出高层的治理思路，也能窥见中国在政治领域将出现的新变化。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1.</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">重要条款单独表决</span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">中国将引入重要条款单独表决制度，这将是中国立法技术的重大调整。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在西方国家，一些重要的法律案，可以进行“逐条表决”，也就是说一条一条地在议会上过会，通过一条就往下进行，没有通过就对这一条进行单独修改。而中国以往没有这样的制度，人大代表和人大常委对一个法律案，在投票时要么整体赞成，要么全盘否定。引入重要条款单独表决制度之后，一部法律案中，如有个别条款在代表或常委中的分歧比较大，就可以通过这种机制来进行单独表决。这将使有争议的条款能够得到更充分、更聚焦的讨论，提升人大立法在技术上的精细化水平。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">原文：</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">完善法律草案表决程序，对重要条款可以单独表决。</span></em></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">.</span></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span>国家勋章</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">今后，不是军人的中国内地公民，也可以获得国家勋章了。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">中国内地此前并无国家勋章制度，内地颁授勋章仅限于革命战争时期的有功人员，由中央军委颁授。不是军人的中国内地公民，不可能获颁国家勋章。但在境外，颁授勋章的制度非常普遍，譬如在香港特区，每年就会由特首颁授大紫荆勋章、金紫荆勋章，表彰对香港作出重大贡献的人士，如曾宪梓、霍英东、邵逸夫、李嘉诚等，都曾获颁大紫荆勋章。中国内地将制定《国家勋章和国家荣誉称号法》，中国最高规格的勋章叫什么名义，谁能够成为第一批获得国家勋章的人，都是悬念。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">原文：</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">制定国家勋章和国家荣誉称号法，表彰有突出贡献的杰出人士。</span></em></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3.</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">依宪治国</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“依宪治国”一词首次出现，是<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2012</span>年习近平在纪念现行宪法实施<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;">30</span>周年大会上的讲话。外界对这一词汇一直以来有不同解读。从《决定》的上下文来看，这一词汇并不像一些人理解的那样接近西方政治学中的“宪政”概念，而首先是对中共执政地位的确认。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">《决定》在开篇讲到推进“依法治国”需要坚持党的领导时，明确说“我国宪法确立了中国共产党的领导地位”。过去，关于宪法序言是否具有法律强制力，法学界一直存在争议，《决定》发出明确信息，宪法序言中关于中共执政地位的表述具有法律的强制力。依据宪法维护中共的执政地位，是“依宪治国”的要义。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">原文：</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">宪法是党和人民意志的集中体现，是通过科学民主程序形成的根本法。坚持依法治国首先要坚持依宪治国，坚持依法执政首先要坚持依宪执政。</span></em></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4.</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">宪法监督</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“违宪审查”制度是树立宪法刚性权威的重要途径，许多国家通过这一制度，保证每一部法律和国家机关的每一个行为都合乎宪法，如果没有这样的制度安排，宪法实际上就可能变成一部“没有牙齿的法律”，约束力将大打折扣。法律界也一直有一种声音，认为中国应该建立自己的违宪审查制度，并且设立专门的机构来进行违宪审查。《决定》没有明确提出宪法审查或违宪审查的概念，也没有提出设立专门的宪法监督机构，表明宪法监督权仍将由原有的全国人大及其常委会行使。此外，《决定》仅提及要“依法撤销和纠正违宪违法的规范性文件（除法律之外的行政法规、地方规章等）”，但对于人大制定的法律本身是否违宪如何监督，没有明确提及。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">原文：</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">完善全国人大及其常委会宪法监督制度，健全宪法解释程序机制。加强备案审查制度和能力建设，把所有规范性文件纳入备案审查范围，依法撤销和纠正违宪违法的规范性文件，禁止地方制发带有立法性质的文件。</span></em></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5.</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">国家宪法日</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">《决定》将宪法实施的<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;">12</span>月<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4</span>日作为“国家宪法日”。这将是<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2013</span>年以来确定的第四个新的政治性纪念日（此前的包括南京大屠杀遇难同胞公祭日、抗战胜利纪念日和烈士纪念日）。（参见《独家解读官方高规格纪念抗战的玄机》，可回复数字“<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;">130</span>”获取）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">12月<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4</span>日原称“全国法制宣传日”，现在正式被定为“宪法日”。已有迹象表明，新一届领导层试图建立一套政治性纪念日的完整体系，别的国家能借鉴的政治性纪念日，都会有对应的设立。美国、俄罗斯、丹麦等国都在其宪法通过的纪念日举行“宪法日”纪念活动，美国公立学校还在宪法日前后进行宪法教育。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">原文：</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">将每年十二月四日定为国家宪法日。在全社会普遍开展宪法教育，弘扬宪法精神</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">。</span></em></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-style: italic; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">6.</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">宪法宣誓制度</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">今后，国家主席、副主席，国务院总理、副总理、全国人大正副委员长和各省市的省长、省人大主任在就职时，就要面对宪法宣誓了。世界上很多国家和地区，都有“宣誓就职”仪式，香港、澳门特区的特首就职时，也要面向国家主席或国务院总理宣誓。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">根据《决定》的规定，只要是人大及其常委会选举或者任命的国家工作人员，在就职时都要公开向宪法宣誓。这将强化各级国家权力交接的仪式感，使官员自身和民众都能更直接地感受到权力的神圣性和宪法的权威性。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">原文：</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">建立宪法宣誓制度，凡经人大及其常委会选举或者决定任命的国家工作人员正式就职时公开向宪法宣誓。</span></em></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-style: italic; font-size: 14px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">7.</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">巡回法庭</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-style: italic; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">中国最高法院设立巡回法庭，运行机制应和美国联邦巡回法院类似。美国的联邦巡回上诉法院，在联邦法院体系中承担上诉法院功能。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">设立最高法的巡回法庭，至少有两重效果，第一是打破司法的地方保护，最高法的巡回法庭和跨行政区划的法院、检察院的设立，都旨在审理跨行政区、跨地区案件，避免法院在涉及不同区域的案件中“拉偏架”，保证司法机构能够居中裁判，维护司法公正和良好的市场环境。第二，是强化最高法院的司法权威，将中央一级的司法权力适度下沉，使重大行政和民商事案件能够更多地在中央层级的法院进行审理，以提升这些案件审理的权威性。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">原文：</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">最高人民法院设立巡回法庭，审理跨行政区域重大行政和民商事案件。探索设立跨行政区划的人民法院和人民检察院，办理跨地区案件。</span></em></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p>**** Hidden Message *****<p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></em></p><p></p> 观点新颖，解读的角度灵活。 中国最高法院设立巡回法庭，运行机制应和美国联邦巡回法院类似。美国的联邦巡回上诉法院，在联邦法院体系中承担上诉法院功能。 十八届四中全会将依法治国提到前所未有的高度、 新词新语学习对党办人员来说，十分必要！
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