国学中的“法治”
<p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">古人认为，治理天下应以保障“民生”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、尊重“民心”的“仁政”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">德治”为主，但同时还必须兼行“法治”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">道德与法律共同构成人类社会的规范机制和秩序体系。道德主“内”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，法律主“外”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">；</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">道德治“本”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">法律治“标”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">。德治与法治犹如车之两轮、鸟之两翼，在一个健康运行的社会中，二者相辅相成、不</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">可偏废。社会的道德建设不应反对和排斥法治建设，法治建设也不能代替道德建设，德治与法治相</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">互协调配合才能真正实现社会和谐。依法治国，是中国古代政治文明留给我们的又一项思想遗产。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">依法治国，不仅是解决现实问题、维护社会稳定的迫切要求，也是根据人性好</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">恶治理天下的需要。从唐虞时期的“象刑”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">夏朝的《禹刑》</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">商朝的《汤刑》</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">周朝的《吕刑》</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">到汉、隋、唐、宋、明、清的刑法，或轻或重，时起时伏，构成了中国古代君主专制之下有刑</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">法无宪法的独特法律体系。作为“仁政”的一个组成部分，古代的“法治”论要求在立法、执</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">法实践中坚持“德主刑辅”的基本原则，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“先德后刑”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“尚德希刑”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、以德立法、以德司法，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“法</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">令欲其难犯而易避”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“刑不厌轻”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“罚不患薄”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“疑罪从去”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“疑功从予”理念，反对以法谋</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">私，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“司民短而诛过误”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，主张法律面前官民平等、君臣平等，真正把公平的法律落到实处。这</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">些思想，对完善我们今天的法律体系仍然具有极大的参考价值和借鉴意义。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一、“法制”及历代刑法简况</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">法治”的依据是“法制”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">。中国古代“法制”的产生不仅源于现实的社会问题，也基于对人性</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">的客观评判。人与生俱来地具有自私自利的情欲，而德治教化不是万能的。当自私自利的情欲冲决</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">道德规范的堤防、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">胡作非为、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">危害社会的时候，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">国家就必须设立刑法给予惩罚、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">加以防范。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">法家先驱管子从人性好恶出发指出</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">凡民莫不恶罚畏罪，是以人君严教以示之，明刑罚以致之。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">法家代表韩非子也从人性“喜利畏罪”揭示</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“矫上之失，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">诘家下之邪，治乱决缪……莫如法</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">；</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">属官威民，退淫殆，止诈伪，莫如刑。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">要之，治理天下必须</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">德法兼用、宽猛相济。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">孔子指出：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">政宽则民慢……猛则民残……宽以济严，猛以济宽，政是以和。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">孟子告诫政治家</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“徒善不足以为政，徒法不足以自行。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">荀子提出</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“治之经，礼与刑。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">因而</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">主张“隆礼重法”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这种礼法并行、刑德相济的思想，在汉代又被进一步丰富发展。贾谊指出：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">夫</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">礼者禁于将然之前，而法者禁于已然之后。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">礼教道德“禁于未然之前”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，可以预防犯罪，刑罚法</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">律“禁于已然之后”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，可以制裁犯罪，二者不可偏废。刘安揭示</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“无法不可以为治也，不知礼仪不</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">可以行法也。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">董仲舒强调</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“教，政之本也</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">；</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">狱，政之末也。其事异域，其用一也，不可以不相</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">顺。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">刘向指出</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“治国有二机</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">刑、德是也。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">桓谭指出</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“夫王道之治，先除人害，而足其衣</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">食，然后教以礼仪，而威以刑诛，使知好恶去就。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">自班固《汉书》起，历代官修史书均在《礼乐</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">志》之外并列《刑法志》</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">阐述每个朝代的礼教与法制情况，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">充分说明“德治”与“法治”如车之两轮，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">缺一不可。正如西晋傅玄所说</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“夫威德者，相须而济者也。故独任威刑而无惠，则民不乐生</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">；</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">独任</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">德惠而无威刑，则民不畏死。……有国立政，能使其民可教可制者，其唯威、德足以相济者乎？”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">中国古代惩罚犯罪的刑法大体是由尧舜到秦为渐重，至于秦之专以法制，肉刑颇多，而自秦至唐宋为渐轻，唐时法律历来为人称道，唐律被认为是中国古代社会“得古今之平”的刑法典范，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">自宋至于清复渐重，明代复活了大量肉刑，而清益甚。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">从唐虞时期的“象刑”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">夏朝的《禹刑》</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">商朝的《汤刑》</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">周朝的《吕刑》</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">到汉、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">隋、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">唐、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">宋、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">明、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">清的刑法，或轻或重，时起时伏，构成了中国古代在君主专制之下只有惩罚人民犯罪的刑法，而无</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">保证人民权利的宪法的独特法律体系。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">二、“德主刑辅”、“尚德希刑”</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">作为“仁政”的一个组成部分，古代的“法治”论要求在立法、执法实践中坚持“德主刑辅”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">的基本原则。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">早在《尚书</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">·</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">周书》的《康诰》</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">《多方》等篇中，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">我们就看到周人反复强调“明德慎罚”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">孔子为代表的儒家把这发展为“德主刑辅”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">。汉代以降，通过儒学的“法典化”与法律的“儒学化”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">德法兼用、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">德主刑辅的政治模式逐渐固定下来。为什么要坚持“德主刑辅”？《淮南子</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">·</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">泰族训》说：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">民无廉耻，不可治也。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">民不知礼仪，法弗能正也。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">董仲舒指出</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">法“能刑人而不能使人廉”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">能</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">刑人而不能使人仁”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">刘向说</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">教化，所恃以为治也，刑法，所以助治也。今废所恃而独立其所助，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">非所以致太平也。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">班固认为，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在国家政治中，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">刑法虽然是不可以缺少的，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">但必须摆到合适的位置：</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">文德者，帝王之利器；</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">威武者，文德之辅助也。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">刑法虽为治理社会所必须，但只能治标，不能治本，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">决不能以法制为主，单纯依赖刑法，秦朝“专任刑罚”导致迅速灭亡就是惨痛的历史教训。要从根</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">本上解决问题，必须立足于德治，坚持“德主刑辅”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p>**** Hidden Message *****<p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">又如，“从重从严”打击犯罪，曾经是一个耳熟能详的说法，我国司法界曾经常开展“严打”活动。而“严打”之后，不知造成了多少冤案，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">枉杀了多少无辜。其实，这是不符合现代司法制度的无罪假定的。现代司法实践人性化改革的特点</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">之一，是在取得确凿证据之前，对嫌疑人先作无罪推定，从而杜绝重判错判的悲剧产生。而这一法</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">治思想，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">早在两千多年前的中国古代，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">就已被《吕刑》</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">孔子、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">贾谊、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">汉元帝论及，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">而尤以贾谊的“疑</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">罪从去，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">疑功从予”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“与其杀不辜，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">宁失于有罪”的论断最为精辟。为了避免“无罪而见诛”的错杀，</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">宁可对存疑之罪免予刑罚</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">；</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这有可能使一些“有罪”者免于惩处，但却可以确保不错杀“无辜”</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">，对</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">逃脱死刑的罪犯也可起到令“不肖得改”的法律效果。就这等法治思想来看，两千多年前的中国人怕比“现代人”要现代得多。这些很了不起的思想，值得我们深味。</span><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span ms="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: SimSun; box-sizing: border-box !important;">资料来源：《国学中的“法治”论》——祁志祥，有删改</span></p><p></p> 国家政治中，刑法虽然是不可以缺少的，但必须摆到合适的位置： 好文章，值得学习品味 但只能治标，不能治本，决不能以法制为主，单纯依赖刑法，秦朝“专任刑罚”导致迅速灭亡就是惨痛的历史教训。要从根本上解决问题 封建社会的法律与我们现在所讲的法律有本质区别。商鞅与韩非所倡导的法，是为了巩固统治阶级地位，专门为专制集权服务的，他们所立之法是用来压制人民权利的法，是人治之法。而我们现在所讲的立法是为了建设一个富裕、民主、文明的国家，是法治之法。 万分感谢~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 又如，“从重从严”打击犯罪，曾经是一个耳熟能详的说法，我国司法界曾经常开展“严打”活动。而“严打”之后，不知造成了多少冤案，枉杀了多少无辜。其实，这是不符合现代司法制度的无罪假定的。现代司法实践人性化改革的特点之一
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