跟贾陆英老师学《论语》八佾篇第20章(6月12日)
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 22pt; font-family: 黑体; ">跟贾陆英老师学《论语》八佾篇第<span lang="EN-US">20</span>章<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><st1:chsdate year="2014" month="6" day="12" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">12</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">下午</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">30</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">分，《“论语”札记》的作者贾陆英老师在老秘网“重温经典读书会”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">QQ</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">群</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> 49231471</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">里面，就《论语》八佾篇第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">20</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">章进行了讲解，具体内容整理如下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 黑体; ">一、原文释义<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 黑体; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">原文：</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">子曰：“《关雎》，乐而不淫，哀而不伤。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">注释：</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">《关雎（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">j</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">ū）》：《诗经》的第一篇，描写一位君子爱上一位淑女，当其求而未得时那种辗转反侧、日夜思之的哀情；当其求之既得，结婚时的那种钟鼓乐之、琴瑟友之的欢乐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">淫：过度、放纵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">译文：</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子说：《关雎》这篇诗，有欢乐，但不放荡而毫无节制；有悲哀，但不至使人伤害身心。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 黑体; ">二、诗的教化<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">问：孔子为什么对《关雎》这首诗大加赞赏？</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; background-color: white; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">答：哀乐虽然是人之常情，但是，欢乐过度往往容易得意忘形，乃至走向放纵的极端；悲哀过度则容易导致对自己身心的伤害。孔子之所以赞赏《关雎》，是因为它乐而不淫、哀而不伤，把快乐和悲哀控制在适度的范围之内，体现了儒家倡导中庸之道、主张“致中和”的境界。通过学习孔子对《关雎》的论述，可以启示人们做事符合中庸之道，既无过，也无不及。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">《关雎》原文：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">关关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">参差荇菜，左右流之。窈窕淑女，寤寐求之。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">求之不得，寤寐思服。悠哉悠哉，辗转反侧。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">参差荇菜，左右采之。窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">参差荇菜，左右</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 宋体; ">芼</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">之。窈窕淑女，钟鼓乐之。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">《关雎》译文：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; "> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">雎鸠关关在歌唱，在那河中沙洲上。文静美好的少女，小伙殷切的追求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; "> 长长短短鲜荇菜，顺流两边去捞取。文静美好的少女，朝朝暮暮想追求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; "> 追求没能如心愿，日夜心头在挂牵。长夜漫漫不到头，翻来覆去难成眠。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; "> 长长短短鲜荇菜，两手左右去采摘。文静美好的少女，弹琴鼓瑟表爱慕。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">长长短短鲜荇菜，两边仔细来挑选。文静美好的少女，钟声换来她笑颜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 24.1pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">《关雎》赏析</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">（选百度一篇文章略加修改）</span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">：</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">近现代研究者多认为，《关雎》是一首婚歌。此诗：“发乎情，止乎礼义。”是一首强调社会理性的情诗，理想的爱情审美关系在诗中得到了完美的体现，诗情中和，一如孔子所说：“《关雎》乐而不淫，哀而不伤。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">《关雎》诗意地描绘了一个完整的爱情审美过程，即人的美（外形美和心灵美）的审美过程。诗的一开始就给出了美丽的自然和人的图景：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">“关关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑。”春天的河边，绿草茵茵，成双成对的雎鸠在水中嬉戏，一位美丽的少女在河边采摘荇菜，她撩拨起了少年男子的无限情思。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">爱情的产生常常始于对对方的形体（人的外形美）所吸引，而后才有了进一步的交往，继而了解对方的心灵（心灵美），所以说爱情就是人的美的审美过程。爱情双方是感同身受的关系，它虽然从异性形体美的感受开始，但却具有对异性形体美的超越性感受。少年男子初遇女子时注意的是女子的形体美，但是越到后来，越消失了对她的单纯形体美的感觉（此过程在文本中需要一个过渡），随之而来的是女子的情绪对他的情绪的严重干扰，体现在诗中便是“求之不得，寤寐思服”“悠哉悠哉，辗转反侧”——女子态度的不确定引发了男子的无尽相思。“心有灵犀一点通”，待到两者都有了感同身受的能力后，爱情就产生了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">诗到这里，把人在爱情审美过程中主体与自然统一这对关系揭示出来了。前面说过，《关雎》是一首婚歌，它是强调伦理道德的。所以，诗歌在肯定了审美主体的自然性的同时，又强调了审美主体和社会理性的统一。在诗歌中，这些关系和谐地同构于审美主体，因而形成了理想的爱情审美观。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">其实在《诗经》中，不只是《关雎》，还有《桃夭》《蒹葭》等大量的诗歌都体现着这种理想的审美关系。《蒹葭》更是把爱情的审美体验提升到了主体对于时空和生命哲理思考的高度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">《关雎》是周朝的民歌。周代是中国历史上一个高扬主体理性的人治时期，统治者建构了以宗法血缘观念为核心的一整套伦理道德体系，因此美学观念也相应地被浸染了浓厚的伦理道德色彩。早期的儒家学说以“和”为美，视主体的功德圆满为终极追求，在一定的程度上尊重了人的自然性。《论语</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 宋体; ">·</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">先进》中有一篇“吾与点也”的美文，孔子独倾心于曾点的回答，就可以看出孔子要求把社会的“礼治”和理性的规范变为人们出自天性的自觉要求，——早期的儒家学说不是泯灭人的自然性的。反映在爱情审美价值观上，就是《关雎》闪耀的那种“和合”美与人性美的特点，在肯定了人的自然性的同时，又以社会理性作为自觉要求，强调了伦理道德观念，体现了作为社会的人的理想爱情审美价值取向。唯其如此，《关雎》才得以位列诗三百之冠，并倍受后人推崇。另外，民间是一片自由的天地，为这种爱情审美追求提供了合适的生长土壤和温度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">但是，这样理想的爱情审美价值取向在主流话语中只是昙花一现，在此后的社会历史发展中，屹立于风雨中的冰凉的贞节牌坊才是爱情的基本意象，昭示着历史发展的真实。闪耀于先秦爱情审美价值观中的人性光芒褪去了，染上了道学的虚伪色彩，泼墨者就是被统治者改造后的后世儒家的思想。真正的爱情即便有，也只是在社会的边缘（青楼）尴尬存在。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，共收入自西周初年至春秋中叶大约五百多年的诗歌，编成于春秋时代，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">305</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">篇，是中国韵文的源头，诗史的起点，在中国文学发展史上占有突出的地位。《诗经》共分风（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">160</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">篇），雅（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">105</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">篇），颂（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">40</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">篇），三大部分。《诗经》以四言为主，兼有杂言。在结构上多采用重章叠句的形式加强抒情效果。每一章只变换几个字，却能收到回旋跌宕的艺术效果。在语言上多采用双声叠韵、叠字连绵词来状物、拟声、穷貌。“以少总多，情貌无遗”。此外，《诗经》在押韵上有的句句押韵，有的隔句押韵，有的一韵到底，有的中途转韵，现代诗歌的用韵规律在《诗经》中几乎都已经具备了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">红豆醒来<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">乐而不淫，哀而不伤。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——喜乐哀伤也可执中，夫子以为可以遣怀而又不伤者也。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">睡虫西麦<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">过乐，乐极生悲，过哀，伤心伤肺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">吉戛措<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">这就是君子之德。不沉迷于理想和追求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">贝壳里的海滩<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">凡是得有度之意。凡事得有度，物极必反。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">吉戛措<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">我认为《关雎》是一首民俗歌谣，所以全诗真挚朴实，哲理人性。全诗从男主人公落笔，看到一对恋鸟，引发情思，想找淑女为伴，像水鸟一样，夫唱妇随。于是想方设法左寻右找，未得之前，饱受相思之苦，连觉也睡不好，得到后，鱼水和谐，琴瑟钟鼓取悦女方。整首诗真挚感人，现实而又浪漫。“乐而不淫，哀而不伤”，是典型的东方恋爱观，他所盼望的是与淑女做夫妻，而不是情侣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">贾老师，您对《关雎》流字作何解释。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.3pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">流：用作“求”，意思是求取，择取。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——网上解释。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">流：用作“求”，意思是求取，择取。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——同意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">左右流之：时而向左、时而向右地择取荇菜。这里是以勉力求取荇菜，隐喻“君子”努力追求“淑女”。流，义同“求”，这里指摘取。之：指荇菜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">吉戛措<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">荇菜被采摘，在水中左一把右一把的捞取，方向不定，像寻找中意的菜，是慢慢物色的过程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">荇菜被采摘，在水中左一把右一把的捞取，方向不定，像寻找中意的菜，是慢慢物色的过程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——这样引申的理解，好。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">吉戛措<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">是否可以引申为，君子在追求理想时出现了第一个阶段左右流之？</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">是否可以引申为，君子在追求理想时出现了第一个阶段左右流之。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——这首诗是讲对爱情的追求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">是否可以引申为，君子在追求理想时出现了第一个阶段左右流之——这首诗是讲对爱情的追求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——正是！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">红豆醒来<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">他所盼望的是与淑女做夫妻，而不是情侣？感觉《关雎》里的婚恋观也是从思慕到情侣再到婚姻的，和现代的自由婚恋一样，尊重情感和伦理。只是可惜了之后的上千年，自由的婚恋观被世俗和强权毁了！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">感觉《关雎》里的婚恋观也是从思慕到情侣再到婚姻的，和现代的自由婚恋一样，尊重情感和伦理。只是可惜了之后的上千年，自由的婚恋观被世俗和强权毁了！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——是的，早期的儒家学说不是泯灭人的自然性的。反映在爱情审美价值观上，就是《关雎》闪耀的那种“和合”美与人性美的特点，在肯定了人的自然性的同时，又以社会理性作为自觉要求，强调了伦理道德观念，体现了作为社会的人的理想爱情审美价值取向。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">红豆醒来<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">其实现在的婚恋实情也是“俗不可耐、有违人性”啊！</span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">云谈风请<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">《关睢》展现了当时劳动过程中对人体美与自然美的相互映衬。这种融情于作的写法在民间歌谣中体现比较多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">向阳花<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">《关雎》在精神和写作手法等等都是榜样啊。赋比兴。这是我印象比较深刻的，在诗经中的修辞手法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">参差荇菜，左右流之。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——表面写荇菜，实际写姑娘采荇菜的动作、风韵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">用的正是“兴”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">吉戛措<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">我们一直把《关雎》以爱情诗歌来分析，《诗经》是中国人的精神家底。孔子说，一个人“不学《诗》”，就“无以言”。</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">胡适认为《诗经》“确实是一部古代歌谣的总集，可以做社会史的材料，可以做政治史的材料，可以做文化史的材料。万不可说它是一部神圣经典”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">愚以为《关雎》者，乃君子的申志之作，是君子的“爱情宣言书”。诗中通过君子对集“外在美”与“内在美”于一身的“窈窕淑女”矢志不渝和梦寐以求，表达了君子的恋爱观、择偶观和婚姻观，展现的是君子追求理想、追求完美、在婚姻中追求物质世界与精神境界的完美统一的品德。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">儒家所谓之大丈夫“富贵不能淫”，是对“乐而不淫”的佐证。这展现的恰恰是“君子之德”君子何德？君子中庸之德也。儒家强调：“君子修身、齐家、治国、平天下”。其一身不能“修”，一家不能“齐”，则何谈治国、平天下乎？故知君子者，其婚姻亦不可苟也。苟婚姻，则其“家”凭何“齐”之？</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">大家这么解释《关雎》：“好逑”指的是君子在择偶上事先是有一个标准的，这个标准就是“窈窕”而“淑”。而“左右”呢，他们的择偶标准是“是菜就往筐里扔”；“求之”反映的是君子择偶，严格遵循当时的“婚仪”制度。而“左右”呢？直接“采之”，基本上是“先下手为强”、“生米”一顿巴火给“煮成熟饭”式的；“思服”可以看出君子对“窈窕淑女”的爱慕不仅是平等的，两厢情愿的，同时又是带有强烈的感情色彩的，这在“左右”和“荇菜”那里根本看不到的。在“左右”配“荇菜”式的爱情中，“左右”居于主动，“荇菜”是被选择方，居于被动状态。“友之”体现的是婚后君子对窈窕淑女尊重的一种愿望，是一种爱中有敬的婚姻向往状态；“乐之”则将君子的婚姻由一般的“性欲”和“生儿育子传宗接代”完全升华到了一种更高的精神境界。可以说，“君子”的恋爱观、婚姻观，即使放在几千年后的今天，都算得上是一种十分先进的观念，不仅符合很多有理想、有追求的男青年择偶时的状况，也绝对符合今天大多数女性的愿望。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">综上所述，《关雎》歌颂的是君子“乐而不淫，哀而不伤”“发乎情，止乎礼”的品德。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">诗中通过塑造“君子”与“窈窕淑女”、“左右”与“参差荇菜”两类行为迥异的形象，表达了作者在恋爱中追求外在美与内在美的统一、在婚姻中追求崇高的精神境界的爱情观，巧妙地讥讽了某些贵族或普通男子随意而为的爱情观。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">教授这么认为，“流”应理解为肌肤之亲。《说文》云：“流者，动也”。周礼特别强调男女往来，“授受不亲”。而此诗中被君子讥讽的“左右”与“荇菜”之间，却有肌肤之亲。“流”还有一意为放纵。一个“流”字，尽显一般男女初期交往时不守礼制的状态。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">红豆醒来<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">我们还是究其大义，礼其精要吧。更重要的是，荇菜春生夏长、秋收冬藏，和青年男女春天发情、夏天求爱、秋天定情、冬天结合，正好符合孔子说的“四时行焉，百物生焉”。这就是说合乎天道，顺应自然，也就是说“思无邪”了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">吉戛措<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">研读一本书就是再造一本书。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子说，一个人“不学《诗》”，就“无以言”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——这是对《诗经》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">305</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">篇而言，不专指这一首。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">红豆醒来<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">马瑞辰《毛诗传笺通释》引《方言》说：“秦晋之好，美心为窈，美状为窕。”爱情的产生常常始于为对方的形体（人的外形美）（窕）所吸引，而后才有了进一步的交往，继而了解对方的心灵（心灵美）（窈），所以说爱情就是人的美的审美过程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">诗是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子特别重视“诗”对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：“不学诗，无以言。”（《论语</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 宋体; ">·</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">季氏》）“诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：‘思无邪。’”（《论语</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 宋体; ">·</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">为政》）“诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。”（《论语</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 宋体; ">·</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">阳货》）孔子告诉学生，学诗的作用就在于“兴”“观”“群”“怨”四个字。孔子重视《诗经》的教育，不仅在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，而且是要通过“兴、观、群、怨”陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育。本章中，孔子告诉学生，学诗还可以锻炼“乐而不淫、哀而不伤”的胸襟和品格，启示人们做事符合中庸之道，既无过，也无不及。总之，学诗可以使人“思无邪”（《论语</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 宋体; ">•</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">云谈风请<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">现在有地方民间对歌可以展现几千年民间传统文化的影子。而《诗经》作者只不过是对当时民间文化的提炼与修饰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">诗中通过君子对集“外在美”与“内在美”于一身的“窈窕淑女”矢志不渝和梦寐以求，表达了君子的恋爱观、择偶观和婚姻观，展现的是君子追求理想、追求完美、在婚姻中追求物质世界与精神境界的完美统一的品德。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——赞同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">红豆醒来<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">“思无邪”主要有两方面内容：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">一是文学创作理论上，孔子强调作者的态度和创作动机。程伊川说：“思无邪者，诚也。”也就是说要“修辞立其诚”，要求表现真性情，也就是诗人要有真性情，在庞杂的内容中实现“文以载道”，在客观效果上“乐而不淫，哀而不伤”（《八佾》）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">二是从思想上说，“思无邪”就是要归于正诚，如司马迁在《屈原列传》中所说：“国风好色而不淫，小雅怨诽而不乱。”这里要说，孔子认为这句诗可以包括全部《诗经》意义。邪和正，必要有个标准，这个标准就是“仁”。冯友兰先生在《中国哲学史新编》第一册第四章第三节，说这个标准是“非礼勿视，非礼勿叫，非礼勿言，非礼勿动”，还要加一个“非礼勿思”。实质也是“仁”，孔子说“克己复礼为仁”，这个“仁”要比这五个“礼”所规定的范围要广。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰思无邪。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; "> 雎鸠，是离爱情最近的鸟；蒹葭，是离爱情最近的草。三千多年过去了，雎鸠在河畔的“关关”叫声依然如在耳畔，仿佛男子在轻声呼唤所爱女子的芳名，如此深情，却又质朴；三千多年过去了，在水一方的伊人恐早已老去，可那比玫瑰平易却更繁芜的蒹葭，早已长在了心里。千年风雨，琴瑟未调，钟鼓未敲；千年风雨，秋水汤汤，芦苇大片大片寂寞地开过。我们把自己的声音留在了前世，徒留记忆的空壳在今生辗转。为何在渡河的时候不回首眺望，采采那参差的荇菜，赏赏那凝成霜的白露。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.25pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">现在的都市多了太多的躁动与不安，连爱情也少了几分期许中的美丽与浪漫。看了太多玫瑰与巧克力的故事，突然想起了雎鸠与蒹葭，那平凡得已逐渐被人淡忘的美好。何时我们的生活，能重拾那一份朴实的诗意？</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.25pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">《关雎》与《蒹葭》，是爱情的极致。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">由孔子倡导，《诗》在中国文化中取得了《经》的崇高地位，知识分子无不从小学诗，中国士阶层几乎人人都成了文人、诗人。《四库全书》所收历代文集，每人无不有诗。魏晋而后，思想家如嵇康、阮籍、韩愈、柳宗元、刘禹锡、李翱、周敦颐、范仲淹、欧阳修、王安石、王阳明等，亦莫不都是诗人、散文家，连朱熹这样的大理学家，也曾以青年诗人而被推荐于朝廷。欧阳修自号六一居士，除诗、文外，琴棋古玩莫不擅长。曹操等大军事家亦能诗能文。雄才大略的毛泽东，更是一位出类拔萃的大诗人。“诗”成为中国人文的核心，诗教亦成为中国教育的优良传统。在当今时代，我们应当大力弘扬孔子之诗教传统。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">向阳花<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">现在对诗的教育远不如从前了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">云谈风请<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">后来的科举考试呤诗作对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">琴棋书画也体现这种风格。关于爱情与文化的融化为一体，表现也很多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">学习<span lang="EN-US">QQ:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">儒教使国民奴性十足，缺乏独立思考的能力和鉴别力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 黑体; ">三、月明千古<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">孔子为什么说“郁郁乎文哉，吾从周”？<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">从《诗经》所记载的周朝社会风貌来看，它的确是我国历史上一个辉煌的时代。周朝，大约从公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">11</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">世纪——公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">256</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年，共计约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">791</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年，是我国历史上年代最长的朝代。西周初年，周公制礼作乐，造就了中国以礼乐文明为中心的文化和礼仪之邦的美称。春秋末期，孔子集尧、舜、禹、汤、文、武、周公之大成，创立儒学和儒家学派，为中华民族核心价值观的形成奠定了基础。春秋战国的百家争鸣，凸显出儒、墨、道、法、兵、名、阴阳等学派，成为中华文化生生不息的源泉。当时，绘画、雕刻、书法、音乐舞蹈、青铜艺术、玉石工艺、漆器工艺、织绣工艺、冶铁技术等，都有了相当的发展。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">《人民日报》有一篇文章： 中国是《诗经》的故乡、《论语》的讲坛。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">当今世界，乱云飞渡，危机四伏，人类仿佛在踢一场找不到球门的球赛。怅然回首，那一瀑穿越了两千多年混沌、彷徨与苍凉的月华，从尼山的上空静静流淌下来，几分清朗，几分暖意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">人类历史，以老为尊。世界文明，以和为贵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">2560</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">多岁的孔子老得像一尊雕塑，拱手静候在思想隧道的最幽深处。他比苏格拉底年长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">82</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">岁，比苏格拉底的学生柏拉图年长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">124</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">岁，比柏拉图的学生亚里士多德年长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">167</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">岁。这意味着，中国的孔子以领先西方思想源头“古希腊三贤”的姿态，接举了人类文明的圣火。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子是中国的，也是世界的。孔子是人类的慧根，孔子是世界的福根。孔子如月，是世界文明的光华</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">明月千里，朗照千年。孔子如月，是世界文明的光华。孔子是炎黄子孙的集结号，孔子是核心价值的定盘星，孔子是中华民族的“床前明月”，光而不耀。孔子是世界的，但首先是中国的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子是唯一能让炎黄子孙天下归心的集结号，是中华儿女血气相通的文化脐带，是中国社会核心价值的“定盘星”，是中华民族的“床前明月”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">青史不泯，经典不老。中国是《诗经》的故乡、《论语》的讲坛，我们应该高声吟诵民族的经典，就像基督徒读《圣经》、穆斯林背《古兰经》。一个心中没有神圣的民族是没有尊严的民族，一个不珍视自己经典的民族是没有力量的民族。如果我们连自己的先贤都不敢礼敬，还能有怎样的文化自信与自豪？一个民族不能退让到连自己情感底线都守不住的地步！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">揣一本《论语》在胸口，人在长河中行进，心在长天里漂洗。累了困了，寂寞了失落了，愁眼遥望尼山月，心便打烊回家了。回头看月，淡云轻拂，那玉盘上分明写着四个字：光而不耀。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">红豆醒来<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子也是我的，我心尊夫子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">云谈风请<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">唐宋时期是中国古代文化最鼎盛时期，同时也是烟青楼文化最繁华时期。著名诗人杜牧就是死于青楼最后是妓女们将他安葬。孔子倡导的儒家文化对后来中国历史影响很大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">但也有他的局限性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">其中愚忠思想不可取。凡是文化传承都离不开权贵理念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">吉戛措<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">千古一帝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">求觉迷者<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子文化是中国古老文化，但中国文化绝不能用孔子等同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">红豆醒来<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">后人可生发可延展，但不可失了本意，没</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">(mo)</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">了精髓。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">向阳花<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">愚忠是宋儒歪解孔夫子思想的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">小小的确幸<span lang="EN-US">!:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">那里后来的事情了。在先秦时代，思无邪，就是民间所追求的。比如老子，就叫李耳，因为他的耳朵比较长。后人过度解读，曲解了原意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">无心随风<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子的忠和愚忠是截然不同的概念</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">吉戛措<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">那不是愚忠，儒家强调：“君子修身、齐家、治国、平天下”。阶段不同追求不同，如曾国藩，人家已经到了平天下的阶段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 黑体; ">四、下讲预告<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 宋体; ">•</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">21</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">：哀公问社于宰我。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">宰我对曰：“夏后氏以松，殷人以柏，周人以栗。曰：使民战栗。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">子闻之，曰：“成事不说，遂事不谏，既往不咎。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">社：土地神，祭土神的庙也称社。古时立国都要建社，选用宜于当地生长的树木做社主（土地神的牌位）。从宰我的回答看，哀公问的就是用什么木头做社主。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">宰我：孔子的学生，姓宰、名予、字子我，亦称宰予，孔门十哲之一，长于言语。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">夏后氏：夏朝，夏的国号为夏后。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">殷：商代后期，盘庚把国都迁到殷，史称殷商时代。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">使民战栗：战栗，恐惧，发抖。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">鲁哀公问宰我做社主用什么木。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">宰我回答说：“夏代用松木，殷人用柏木，周人用栗木，这叫做使民众战战栗栗。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子听到宰我的解说后，责备他说：“既成之事不便再解释了，已经付诸行动的事不便再劝谏了，已经过去的事不便再追究了。”</span></p><p></p> 贾老论道，子云书记，老猫点赞。
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