武鹰：高尔基巧驳拒特权
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: center;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 43px; font-size: 22pt; font-family: 黑体; background-color: white;">高尔基巧驳拒特权</span></p><p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312;">山东</span> <span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial;"> <wbr></span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312;">武鹰</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial; background-color: white;"> <wbr></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun;"><b><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; color: red; background-color: white;"> 刊于<span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal;">2014</span>年第<span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal;">5</span>期《演讲与口才》</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun;"><b><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; color: red; background-color: white;"><br></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">上个世纪的一个冬天，苏联文学家高尔基到莫斯科郊外的一个小镇上采风。恰巧此时，小镇上的一家剧院正在上演他的一部戏剧，于是高尔基便决定晚上去看一看，想知道观众对自己作品的反响如何。第二天晚上，当他终于买到了票准备走进剧院时，迎面走来了一位男士，问道：“请问您是马克西姆·高尔基同志吗？”</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">“是的。”高尔基知道对方认出他来了。</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">“真是太令人激动了！我是这家剧院的负责人，能见到您真是无比荣耀，您可是我的偶像呢？”</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">“哦，那么还有其他事吗？我想该进去看演出了，戏剧马上就要开始了。”高尔基道。</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">“请稍等。”剧院负责人说，“我得让他们跟您退钱，您是这部戏剧的原作者，也是苏联最伟大的作家，我们哪能收您的钱呀！”</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">“您的意思是，我有免费看演出的特权？”高尔基疑惑地皱了皱眉。</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">“当然，您非同一般人。”负责人回应道。</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">“谢谢，那么按照您的逻辑，农民吃面包，裁缝穿衣服，是不是都可以不用付钱呢？因为粮食是农民种植出来的，衣服是裁缝裁剪出来的。如果真是这样的话，一切岂不乱套了！”</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">还没等对方回答，高尔基又继续说道：“我的确是这部戏的作者，但我已经获得了它的版税。现在，我只是一名普通的观众，因此买票是再正常不过的事了。”</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">剧院负责人觉得高尔基的话说得很有道理。“既然如此，那么请让我为您安排一个最好的位置吧，这样您会看得更舒服些。”</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">剧院负责人以为这下高尔基肯定不会拒绝了，谁知高尔基又反问道：“农民就应该吃最好的面包，裁缝就应该穿最好的衣服吗？”</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">剧院负责人一时语塞了。</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">最终，高尔基还是跟其他人一样，以一位普通观众的身份看了整场演出。当然，他也因此赢得了剧院负责人更大的尊重。</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">【</span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体;">论辩智慧眼</span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">】：高尔基之所以能让剧院负责人知难而退，成功地拒绝对方给予的特权，就在于他恰当运用了类比说理与事实论证的辩驳技巧。</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30pt; color: rgb(50, 62, 50); font-family: simsun; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 31px; font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; background-color: white;">高尔基以农民种植粮食和裁缝剪裁衣服进行类比，因为双方在“商品生产者”这一点上相似，所以双方在“不能免费享受自己的劳动果实”上也相似，这样高尔基就自然得出“看自己写的戏剧也不能免票”的结论，合情合理，顺理成章，无可辩驳。当剧院负责人在后面提出给他安排最好的位置时，高尔基再次拿农民和裁缝说事，类比推导出“自己也不能理所当然享受最好的座位”的结论。在第一次类比推理后，高尔基又摆出了自己作为戏剧原作者已获得了它的版税这个事实，“事实胜于雄辩”，这就使得他的“不应该享受免票特权”观点的合理性得到了进一步的论证。类比说理属于间接论证，事实论证属于直接论证，高尔基正是通过“双管齐下”，将自己不应该享受特权的理由说得既充分又透彻，使剧院负责人不得不承认高尔基说得有道理。高尔基的论辩口才值得赞赏，他不以伟大文学家自居而坚决拒绝特权的人格魅力更值得我们敬佩。<b>（编辑 刘畅）</b></span></p><p></p>
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