秘园老董 发表于 2009-6-4 15:13:38

被误解的名言

<p class="style25" align="center">被误解的名言</p>
<p class="style25 style38="style38"style39" align="center">袁小虎</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">有些祖辈传承下来的名言，我们望文生义，随手拈来，朗朗上口，用起来也是那么得心应手。其实，很多名言的原意都被我们误解了，而且多少年来一直在误解、误读、误用。<span lang="EN-US"><?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = O /><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">如名言<span lang="EN-US">“</span>刑不上大夫，礼不下庶人<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，这句出于《礼记》的名言，多少年来人们都理解为：刑法不用于士大夫一类贵族，礼仪不用于普通老百姓。对这种解释一直无人质疑。其实这样解释，一是违背了《礼记》这部书的本意，二是把古文词的用法搞错了。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>刑不上大夫，礼不下庶人<span lang="EN-US">”</span>这里面的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>上<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>下<span lang="EN-US">”</span>两字都是使动用法，直译为：<span lang="EN-US">“</span>刑法不使士大夫置之上，礼仪不使老百姓置之下<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。意译为：<span lang="EN-US">“</span>刑法不优待贵族士大夫，礼仪不排斥普通老百姓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">有一句<span lang="EN-US">“</span>民可使由之，不可使知之<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的名言，多少年来一直被我们理解为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>老百姓只可以被统治和支使，不可以让他们懂得知识<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。这样翻译和理解与孔孟之道的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>有教无类<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的宗旨是大相径庭的。其实，是我们理解这句话的时候把<span lang="EN-US">“</span>句读<span lang="EN-US">”</span>搞错了<span lang="EN-US">——</span>也就是说我们没有断好句，正确的断句和理解是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>民可，使由之；不可，使知之。<span lang="EN-US">”“</span>句读<span lang="EN-US">”</span>理顺了，意思就完全不一样了：<span lang="EN-US">“</span>老百姓优秀的，让他去搞管理去当官；不行的，让他去努力学习。<span lang="EN-US">”</span>这样就和孔孟倡导的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>学而优则仕<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的宗旨一致了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">以德报怨，也是我们常听到的一句话，人们通常理解的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>以德报怨<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是什么意思呢？就是说：别人欺负你了，你要忍，被打碎牙齿也要往肚子里吞，对于欺负你的人，要用你的爱心去感化他。<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">但事实上，我们从根本上曲解了孔子的原意，原来在孔子这句<span lang="EN-US">“</span>以德报怨<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的后边还跟着另外一段话，什么话呢？子曰：<span lang="EN-US">“</span>以德报怨，何以报德？以直报怨，以德报德！<span lang="EN-US">”</span>看完以后，我幡然醒悟，当时的真实情况是怎么样的呢？孔子对他的弟子说：<span lang="EN-US">“</span>你<span lang="EN-US">‘</span>以德报怨<span lang="EN-US">'</span>，那<span lang="EN-US">‘</span>何以报德<span lang="EN-US">'</span>？别人以德来待你的时候，你才需要以德来回报别人。可是现在别人打了你，你就应该<span lang="EN-US">‘</span>以直报怨<span lang="EN-US">'”</span>。就因为省略了一句话，结果与作者原意南辕北辙，孔老夫子如在世，想必也会疾呼：<span lang="EN-US">“</span>此非真君子也。<span lang="EN-US">”<o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">还有一句<span lang="EN-US">“</span>无度不丈夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的名言，这句话我自己误读了几十年，以前我不管是读还是写，都误为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>无毒不丈夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span>这句名言前还有<span lang="EN-US">“</span>量小非君子<span lang="EN-US">”&nbsp;</span>五个字，连起来是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>量小非君子，无毒不丈夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。而正确的写法是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>量小非君子，无度不丈夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。误就误在一个是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>毒<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，一个是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>度<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。其实，只要仔细琢磨，我们是不难发现误读和误写的，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>量小非君子<span lang="EN-US">”</span>换成一句大白话便是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>气量小就不是道德高尚的人<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。如果把<span lang="EN-US">“</span>毒<span lang="EN-US">”</span>放在后一句话中，那就不和谐不连贯了，只有放<span lang="EN-US">“</span>度<span lang="EN-US">”</span>才恰当。后面的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>无度不丈夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>解释起来是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>没有肚量就算不得是男子汉大丈夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的意思，这样就通顺了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">为什么好好一个<span lang="EN-US">“</span>无度不丈夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>会被那么多人误读误写成<span lang="EN-US">“</span>无毒不丈夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>呢？这恐怕是因为我们对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>毒<span lang="EN-US">”</span>太看重了，好像要想成功，心就要黑，手就要毒，把人与人之间向善的倾向看得太轻了。社会是复杂的，不可能<span lang="EN-US">“</span>满街都是圣人<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，但也并非都是心狠手辣的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>毒丈夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，我们在这个社会中如何为人处世，如何找准自己做人的感觉，都需要我们审时度势，努力实践，认真选择。一个人活在世上，仅靠手段毒、心肠狠是绝对行不通的。我们生活的这个社会毕竟更需要互相关心、互相爱护，更需要灿烂的阳光、滋润的雨露<span lang="EN-US">……<o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">造成名言误解和误读的原因是多方面的，一是前人的误传和误读，如<span lang="EN-US">“</span>无毒不丈夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>；二是特殊历史时期政治需要的误解，如<span lang="EN-US">“</span>文革<span lang="EN-US">”</span>时期对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>刑不上大夫，礼不下庶人<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>误译<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是为了<span lang="EN-US">“</span>批林批孔<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的需要<span lang="EN-US">……</span>要解决这些误解误读的问题，一是要多学习<span lang="EN-US">,</span>多读原著；二是要多分析<span lang="EN-US">,</span>要善于独立思考，深刻理解。<span lang="EN-US"> <?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = V /><v:SHAPETYPE id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"><v:STROKE joinstyle="miter"></v:STROKE><v:FORMULAS><v:F eqn="if lineDrawn="lineDrawn"pixelLineWidth="pixelLineWidth"0"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @0 1="1"0"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum 0="0"0="0"@1"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @2 1="1"2"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @3 21600="21600"pixelWidth"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @3 21600="21600"pixelHeight"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @0 0="0"1"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @6 1="1"2"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @7 21600="21600"pixelWidth"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @8 21600="21600"0"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @7 21600="21600"pixelHeight"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @10 21600="21600"0"></v:F></v:FORMULAS><v:PATH o:extrusi gradientshapeok="t" o:c></v:PATH><o:LOCK v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"></o:LOCK></v:SHAPETYPE><v:SHAPE id="_x0000_i1025" style="WIDTH: 8.25pt; HEIGHT: 6.75pt" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""></v:SHAPE><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: right; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="right"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">作者单位：江西宜春市袁州区卫生局)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></p>
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