秘园老董 发表于 2009-6-4 15:13:18

公文写作中几组易混淆的词语

<p class="style25" align="center">公文写作中几组易混淆的词语</p>
<p class="style25 style38="style38"style39" align="center">郭安强</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">作为秘书工作者，在公文写作中，常常会遇到一些音同形似而意义有差异甚至迥异的词语，若运用不当，就会影响表情达意或产生谬误。现列举数例，供写作时参考。<span lang="EN-US"><?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = O /><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">截止与截至<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">截止<span lang="EN-US">”</span>一词偏重于<span lang="EN-US">“</span>止（停止或结束）<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，意思是到一定期限就停止或结束。如：报到于 月 日截止（不能用截至）。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>截至<span lang="EN-US">”</span>则偏重于<span lang="EN-US">“</span>至（到）<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，意思是截止到某个时候。如：报到日期截至 月 日；截至目前。<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">以致与以至<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">以致<span lang="EN-US">”</span>一词用在下半句的开头，表示下文是上述原因所形成的结果（多指不好的结果）。如：小李在公司不好好工作，以致被老板<span lang="EN-US">“</span>炒了鱿鱼<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>以至<span lang="EN-US">”</span>也是连词，一方面表示在时间、数量、程度、范围上的延伸，如：老张、老李、老王以至看大门的老赵都知道这件事，你却不知道。另一方面用在下半句话的开头，表示由于前半句话所说动作、情况的程度很深而形成的结果。如：大家每天都夜以继日地拼命工作，以至<span lang="EN-US">3</span>万双鞋的生产任务提前一周就完成了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">盈利与营利<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">盈利<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是名词，有两个含义：</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">①</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">企业单位的利润。<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">②</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">获得的利润。如：该企业月盈利<span lang="EN-US">10</span>万元。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>营利<span lang="EN-US">”</span>则是动词，意思是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>谋求利润<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。如：该组织以非法营利为目的，必须坚决予以打击。<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">暴发与爆发<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">这两个都是动词，都有<span lang="EN-US">“</span>突然、迅速地发生<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的含义。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>暴发<span lang="EN-US">”</span>使用范围较窄，常用于洪水。如：大雨导致山洪暴发。有时指以不正当的手段发财得势，与<span lang="EN-US">“</span>户<span lang="EN-US">”</span>字连用。如：葛朗台是资产阶级暴发户。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>爆发<span lang="EN-US">”</span>本义是弹药爆炸，比喻像弹药爆炸一样突然、迅猛地发生。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>爆发<span lang="EN-US">”</span>使用范围较广，可用于弹药、火山、火势、打雷等自然现象，如：火山爆发。也可用于战争、斗争、革命、起义、暴动等。如：<span lang="EN-US">1914</span>年第一次世界大战爆发。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>爆发<span lang="EN-US">”</span>还可用于形容众人的声音（欢呼声、喊杀声、掌声等），如：局长话音刚落，同志们便爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">启用与起用<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">启用<span lang="EN-US">”</span>指的是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>开始使用<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，用的对象多指物。如：某某印章自 月 日开始启用。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>起用<span lang="EN-US">”</span>则有两个含义：</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">①</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">提拔任用。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">②</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">重新任用已退职或被免职的官员或职员。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>起用<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的对象是人。如：刘局长退休后被一私营企业起用。<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">功夫与工夫<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">这两个都是名词，二者有时混用，其实有所不同。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>功夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>指致力的程度或由致力而达到的造诣、本领。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>工夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>指占用的时间或空闲时间。举个例子，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>功夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>可以说<span lang="EN-US">“</span>真功夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>硬功夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>死功夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>工夫<span lang="EN-US">”</span>只能说有或无。<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">遏制与遏止<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">这两个都是动词，表示<span lang="EN-US">“</span>用强力阻挡住<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>遏制<span lang="EN-US">”</span>着重于制，<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span>压制住、控制住，不使发作或不使随意活动，对象常是自己的某种情绪（喜怒哀乐），有时是敌人或某种力量。如：在处理群众集体上访事件时，要有效遏制自己的感情。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>遏止<span lang="EN-US">”</span>着重于止，使停止，不再进行，对象常是来势凶猛而突然的重大事件，如战争、进攻、暴动、潮流等。如：非法采矿得到了有效遏止。<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">必须与必需<span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">必需<span lang="EN-US">”</span>一词表示一定要有，必不可少，说明事物的特别需要。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>必须<span lang="EN-US">”</span>一词则表示事理上和情理上的必要性，说明一定要这样做。在更多的情况下，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>必须<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和<span lang="EN-US">“</span>必需<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的意思都比<span lang="EN-US">“</span>需要<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和<span lang="EN-US">“</span>必要<span lang="EN-US">”</span>更肯定，语气也更强。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>必须<span lang="EN-US">”</span>还有加强、命令语气的作用。另外，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>必需<span lang="EN-US">”</span>有构词能力，如：必需品等，而<span lang="EN-US">“</span>必须<span lang="EN-US">”</span>则不能。<span lang="EN-US"> <?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = V /><v:SHAPETYPE id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"><v:STROKE joinstyle="miter"></v:STROKE><v:FORMULAS><v:F eqn="if lineDrawn="lineDrawn"pixelLineWidth="pixelLineWidth"0"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @0 1="1"0"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum 0="0"0="0"@1"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @2 1="1"2"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @3 21600="21600"pixelWidth"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @3 21600="21600"pixelHeight"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @0 0="0"1"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @6 1="1"2"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @7 21600="21600"pixelWidth"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @8 21600="21600"0"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @7 21600="21600"pixelHeight"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @10 21600="21600"0"></v:F></v:FORMULAS><v:PATH o:extrusi gradientshapeok="t" o:c></v:PATH><o:LOCK v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"></o:LOCK></v:SHAPETYPE><v:SHAPE id="_x0000_i1025" style="WIDTH: 8.25pt; HEIGHT: 6.75pt" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""></v:SHAPE><o:P></o:P></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: right; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="right"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">（作者单位：河南社旗县人民政府办公室）</span></p></div></div>
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