未识君臣际会难——“秘史新说”系列文章之三
<p class="style25" align="center"><span class="style25">未识君臣际会难——“秘史新说”系列文章之三</span></p><p class="style25 style38="style38"style39" align="center">眭达明</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">唐昭宗李晔继位以后,朝官崔胤与宦官韩全诲等人闹得势不两立,斗争得非常厉害。为了在势力上压倒对方,他们于是各结藩镇为援。《旧唐书</span><span lang="EN-US">·</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">昭宗记》载:</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">时中尉韩全诲及北司,与茂贞相善;宰相崔胤,与朱全忠相善,四人各为表里。全忠欲迁都洛阳,茂贞欲迎驾凤翔,各有挟天子令诸侯之意。</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">宦官韩全诲于是先将唐昭宗劫往凤翔,依附节度使李茂贞,唐昭宗到凤翔后,便落入李茂贞的掌握中。而崔胤随即勾结朱全忠,引兵入关,进攻凤翔。</span><span lang="EN-US"><?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = O /><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">天<span style="LETTER-SPACING: -0.2pt">复二年(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="LETTER-SPACING: -0.2pt">902</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: -0.2pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">年)正月,李茂贞推荐给事中韦贻范为工部侍郎、同平章事(宰相),唐昭宗不得不从。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">韦贻范做宰相后,大肆收受贿赂并当面答应这些人的买官要求。不久,韦贻范因母亲去世居丧免官,答应给人家的官职不能兑现,于是每天都有人上他家吵闹,要求索还贿债。韦贻范没办法,守制未满便展开活动,天天到宦官和李茂贞家求情,让他们向朝廷推荐起用自己。因为只有自己被起复再用,才能为行贿者封官还愿。不遵守居丧礼制自己要求起复任职,在古代是不合孝道的,会遭人鄙视和非议。但韦贻范和李茂贞本是一伙,李茂贞是一介武夫,不太懂得守制的礼数,也就糊里糊涂地向唐昭宗提出,要朝廷夺情复用韦贻范。唐昭宗当然不敢违背,便命令当晚值班的翰林学士韩偓草拟韦贻范的复职制书。韩偓却说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="LETTER-SPACING: -0.1pt">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">我的手腕可以折断,这件制书决不可拟!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="LETTER-SPACING: -0.1pt">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">并当即上疏唐昭宗,指出韦贻范为母亲守丧没有几个月,急忙让他起复,实在骇人听闻,有损国家的体面。宦官韩全诲派往翰林院做监视的两个宦官勃然大怒,威胁韩偓说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="LETTER-SPACING: -0.1pt">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">韩学士不要把死当儿戏!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="LETTER-SPACING: -0.1pt">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">韩偓把疏文递给他们,让他们转交给唐昭宗,就脱了衣服睡觉去了。两个宦官无计可施,只好把韩偓的疏文进呈唐昭宗。唐昭宗对韦贻范本来就没有什么好感,这次起复任用他又实出无奈,现在韩偓公然违抗诏旨拒绝起草制书,可以说正中唐昭宗下怀,他于是顺水推舟,命令翰林院停止制书起草,并赐令褒扬奖赏韩偓。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">这边已</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">在头天夜里停止了制书起草,那边第二天来上朝的百官却已立班排定,没有制书可以宣布,宦官便大声叫嚷说是韩学士不肯草拟制书,听到的人无不感到惊骇。李茂贞去见唐昭宗,说:</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">陛下任命宰相而学士不肯草拟制书,这与谋反有什么不同?</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">昭宗却说:</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">你们保荐韦贻范,朕没有违背你们;韩学士不草拟制书,朕也不违背他。况且他所陈述的道理,事理明白,岂能不依从!</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">李茂贞听了虽然极不高兴,但他自知理亏,也就不再坚持己见。韦贻范后来还四处活动,营谋不停,但起复任用的目的一时还是没有达到。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">韩偓胆敢违旨拒绝起草制书,表面看起来是他坚持守制的原则,实际上反应了朝中两派的斗争。古代官员遭父母丧,须去职在家守制,这当然是必须遵守的居丧礼制,但守制未满而被夺情起复的大臣要员,历代不乏其人。韦贻范敢于厚着脸皮提出起复任用的要求,自然是有先例可循的。这里关键是唐昭宗并不乐意起复任用韦贻范,而他本人又不敢违背李茂贞等人的无理要求,于是只好借助秘书韩偓的抗旨来达到自己的目的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">韩偓敢这样做的另一个不可忽视的因素,是他和唐昭宗的私人关系非常好。据史书记载,韩偓自唐昭宗即位做皇帝那一年(龙纪元年即</span><span lang="EN-US">889</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">年)考取进士后,历任左拾遗、刑部员外郎、翰林学士、中书舍人、兵部侍郎等职,一直受到唐昭宗的高度信任。光化三年(</span><span lang="EN-US">900</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">年)十一月,宦官刘季述等人逼迫唐昭宗退位,囚于少阳院,改立太子李裕为帝。天复元年(</span><span lang="EN-US">90<span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0.1pt">1</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">年</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">)正月,昭宗复位,韩偓因平定宫廷政变有功,此后更是得到唐昭宗的倚重,屡次召对,问以机密大事。韩偓如果不是自恃与唐昭宗的关系非同一般且知道他的真实想法,料想他是不敢冒这种风险的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">韩偓是晚唐、五代之交一位具有政治远见和崇高气节的杰出诗人,也是一位很有才华、性情忠诚的秘书。他以对唐王朝的耿耿孤忠、于亡国之际卓尔不群的操守,以及《翰林集》中反映王室播迁、家国兴亡和感时伤乱的作品,博得后世激赏。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">韩偓与唐昭宗的私人关系虽然非常好,几乎达到了心灵相通的境界,但由于当时的政治形势极其险恶和昭宗本人的轻举妄动,这对君臣的遭际却十分令人感伤。韩偓的《翰林集》中有一首《中秋禁直》诗,全诗所写就是他们君臣</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">际会难</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">的严峻事实:</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">星斗疏明禁漏残,紫泥封后独凭阑。露和玉屑金盘冷,月射珠光贝阙寒。天衬楼台笼苑外,风吹歌管下云端。长卿只为长门赋,未识君臣际会难。</span><span lang="EN-US">”<o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">此诗第一联上句写宫中之景,下句写自己在翰林院值班起草诏书,完成任务后独自凭栏观望。此时已是仲秋季节,又在深夜,因而从天而降的露水是冰冷的,直泻而下的月光仿佛也散发着阵阵寒意,加上宫殿的冷静寂寞,所有这些无不让人感到一股深深的凉意。这看似写景,实则抒情。第三联笔锋一转,写自己在皇帝身边工作,地位重要,责任重大,仿佛置身云端一样,既是从景色上照应第二联,也是在情绪上为最后一联作铺垫。最后一联写西汉孝武帝时,陈阿娇皇后被贬至长门宫,终日以泪洗面,听说司马相如(字长卿)善于作赋,就以千金为酬请他写了一篇《长门赋》,以讽天子。孝武帝读后,大为感动,陈皇后遂复得宠。可是司马相如哪里知道呢?皇帝能不能亲近臣子,臣子能不能效忠皇帝,并不完全是他们双方所能决定的,尚有许多外界因素在起作用,所以司马相如是知其一而不知其二。这一联明显含有讽意,也是本诗诗眼之所在。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">当时,作者任翰林学士,受知于唐昭宗,甚得信任。按理说,他们君臣是不存在隔阂,有着良好的工作关系和私人情谊的,做起工作来也是密切配合,相得益彰的。然而,唐昭宗虽然胸怀大志,雄心勃勃,有振兴朝纲的志向,想挽救帝国于危难之中,却年轻气盛,轻举妄动,具有皇室子弟逞能和任性的特质。他往往容易将事情想象得十分简单,一即位就招募了十万大军,打算以强大的兵力来压制强藩。然而,此时唐朝积弱已久,宦官专权,藩镇跋扈,战乱不断,皇权衰微。尤其是各种势力盘根错节,宦官和权臣均勾结藩镇为外援,朝廷内部矛盾重重,往往牵一发而动全身,局势相当微妙复杂而严峻。唐昭宗本人也成了各种势力的猎物,势力集团都想通过控制他来号令天下。他却对此浑然不觉,贸然对藩镇采取强硬姿态,企图重新建立中央权威,结果反而引来更大的危机。因复兴无望,唐昭宗深感无力回天,雄心壮志逐渐消退,理想抱负开始黯淡,已经失去先前进取的勇气和锐气,到最后竟然完全像变了一个人,不仅不思进取,而且自暴自弃,经常酗酒麻醉自己。他的性情也变得喜怒无常,越来越凶恶暴躁,动不动就杀死左右侍臣。宦官刘季述等人感到恐惧,于是合谋将其废黜。几个月之后,宰相崔胤和翰林学士韩偓等人联合神策军将领打败宦官,迎昭宗复位,他却报仇心切,迫不及待地要尽除宦官,于是病急乱投医,居然想利用地方军阀来制约宦官,最后宦官问题虽然得到彻底解决,唐昭宗自己却成了战利品,被军阀们争来抢去。唐昭宗完全失去了掌控朝政的权力,眼睁睁地看着国家走向灭亡。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">韩偓就是在这样一种特殊政治条件下服务并受知于唐昭宗的。他和唐昭<?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = ST1 /><st1:PERSONNAME w:st="on" productid="宗确有">宗确有</st1:PERSONNAME>君臣知遇之感,也很想为唐昭宗效忠和尽力,内诛宦官,外制军阀,以保全李唐政权。但他毕竟是个手无寸铁的文人,只能出出主意,当当参谋,写写文件,一旦被宦官和权臣所忌,他就再无其他办法。后来,朱全忠控制唐昭宗后,将韩偓斥逐出去,唐昭宗虽然紧紧握着他的手不放,泪流满面地说</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">我左右无人矣</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">,但也不敢出一言救他。</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">君臣际会难</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">到如此地步,确实让人悲怆落泪。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:P></o:P></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">在同一时期,韩偓还写了《与吴子华侍郎同年玉堂同直怀恩叙恳因成长句四韵兼呈诸同年》一诗。此诗也是作者在翰林院值班时所作,同样表达了报国无门、效忠无路的无穷慷慨。诗中说自己虽是</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">声名烜赫文章士,金紫雍容富贵身</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">,但却</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">绛帐恩深无路报,语馀相顾却酸辛</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">。中心思想也是表达</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">君臣际会难</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">的感慨和遭遇。</span><span lang="EN-US"> <?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = V /><v:SHAPETYPE id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"><v:STROKE joinstyle="miter"></v:STROKE><v:FORMULAS><v:F eqn="if lineDrawn="lineDrawn"pixelLineWidth="pixelLineWidth"0"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @0 1="1"0"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum 0="0"0="0"@1"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @2 1="1"2"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @3 21600="21600"pixelWidth"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @3 21600="21600"pixelHeight"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @0 0="0"1"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @6 1="1"2"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @7 21600="21600"pixelWidth"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @8 21600="21600"0"></v:F><v:F eqn="prod @7 21600="21600"pixelHeight"></v:F><v:F eqn="sum @10 21600="21600"0"></v:F></v:FORMULAS><v:PATH o:extrusi gradientshapeok="t" o:c></v:PATH><o:LOCK v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"></o:LOCK></v:SHAPETYPE><v:SHAPE id="_x0000_i1025" style="WIDTH: 8.25pt; HEIGHT: 6.75pt" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""></v:SHAPE><o:P></o:P></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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